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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Sep 29.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Lett. 2009 Jul 23;463(1):49–53. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.051

Fig. 1. Schematic of the ceramide's mechanism of action in antinociceptive tolerance.

Fig. 1

Chronic administration of morphine leads to increased formation of ceramide via the de novo and SMase pathways leading to antinociceptive tolerance; this is blocked by inhibitors of ceramide biosynthesis (this study and [28]). Ceramide fosters the development of tolerance at least in part by neuroimmune activation, formation of PN, PN-mediated inactivation of MnSOD [28] and neuronal apopotosis.