Table 6.
Selected endogenous modulators of the host innate immune response
| MODULATOR | SITE OF ACTION | MECHANISM OF ACTION |
|---|---|---|
| sTLR-4[142] | Extracellular | “sink” for LPS |
| sST2 [143] | Extracellular | ? ↓ TLR-4 expression |
| sCD14 [144, 164] | Extracellular | “sink” for LPS |
| RP105 [145] | Membrane | TLR-4 homolog |
| SIGIRR [146, 147] | Membrane | Inhibition of MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6 |
| TRAIL-R [148] | Membrane | Stabilization of IκBα |
| A20 [137, 149] | Intracellular | Removes ubiquitin from TRAF6 |
| ABIN-3 [138] | Intracellular | Inhibition of NF-κB |
| ATF-3 [139, 150] | Intracellular | Alters chromatin structure |
| β-arrestin [141, 151] | Intracellular | Inhibition of TRAF6 |
| Dok-1/Dok-2 [152] | Intracellular | Inhibition of ERK |
| IRAK-M [153] | Intracellular | Inhibition of IRAK-4/IRAK-1 |
| Monarch-1 [154] | Intracellular | Inhibition of IRAK-4/IRAK-1 |
| MyD88s [140] | Intracellular | Inhibition of IRAK-4/IRAK-1 |
sTLR-4, soluble Toll-like receptor-4; sST2, ; sCD14, soluble CD14; SIGIRR, single Ig IL-1 receptor-related molecule; TRAIL-R, TRAIL receptor, ABIN-3, A20-binding inhibitor of NF-κB activation; ATF-3, activating transcription factor-3; Dok-1/2, downstream of tyrosine kinase-1/2; IRAK, IL-1R-associated kinase