Table 2.

Research Studies Reporting Findings on Women's Experiences of Prenatal Care

Year	Authors	Loc*	Purpose†	Methods‡	N	Sample Demographics§	Findings∥
1993	Freda et al.	US	Compare satisfaction with info in public vs. private clinics	Comparative; Qs	159	Clinic patients: 71% Latina,16% AA; Private patients: 57% White, 13% AA	IN
1996	Handler et al.	US	Identify PNC attributes that affect satisfaction among at-risk women	Descriptive; focus group and Qs	50	Low income Latina, AA and White	I/B,S,T,C,IN
1996	Williamson and Thomson	En	Describe women's views of PNC; identify important aspects of PNC	Descriptive; Qs, closed and open-ended	261	Low income	I/B,T,R,IN
1997	Bucher et al.	US	Compare needs, availability, accessibility, use PNC services in LBW and normal BW mothers	Descriptive, comparative; Qs	426	78.7% White, 17.7% AA	I/B,T,IN
1997	Hayes et al.	US	Determine satisfaction with and accessibility of PNC; compare access, use of PNC services among LBW and normal BW mothers	Descriptive, comparative; Qs, closed and open-ended	40	90% Caucasian, 10% AA	I/B, C, IN
1997	Lowry et al.	US	Compare satisfaction with nursing care, clinic care, and outcomes in two clinics	Descriptive, comparative; Qs	104	1/3 White, 2/3 Nonwhite. Primarily low income.	S,T,C
1998	Handler et al.	US	Explore relation between characteristics of PNC and satisfaction with PNC	Descriptive; Qs	101	75% AA and 25% MA	T,C,R
1998	Proctor	Eng	Identify perceptions of PNC quality	Descriptive, qualitative; focus group	38	Not described	I/B,S,T,C,R IN
1998	Shields et al.	Sc	Compare satisfaction between two PNC models	RCT	1299	58% low income	C,R
1999	Dye and Wojtowycz	US	Examine satisfaction with PNC in relation to time investment in obtaining PNC	Descriptive; Qs	364	Low income	T
1999	Fuller and Gallagher	US	Identify barriers to/benefits of PNC and beliefs that influence women to seek PNC	Descriptive, cross-sectional; Qs	100	Low income; 87% white	I/B
1999	Mikhail	US	Describe experience of PNC; determine and compare impediments based on adequacy	Descriptive; Qs, closed and open-ended	126	Low income, AA	I/B,T,R,IN
1999	Proctor	En	Identify aspects of PNC care that matter and responses to those aspects	Descriptive, qualitative; open-ended comments	223	Not described	S,T,C,R
1999	Walsh	En	Explore the experience of continuity of care within a partnership caseload model	Descriptive, exploratory, ethnographic; interviews	10	Not described	C,R
1999	Wilkinson and González-Calvo	US	Better understand how women perceive psychosocial services during pregnancy	Descriptive, qualitative; focus groups	15	5 Latina, 5 AA, and 5 White; low income	I/B,S,T,C,R
2000	Spurgeon et al.	En	Compare satisfaction with traditional care with 2 new models	Descriptive, comparative; Qs	333	Not described	C,R
2000	Waldenström et al.	Au	Evaluate effect of a team approach compared with standard care on satisfaction	RCT	1000	Women of lower socioeconomic status	T,C
2001	Bender et al.	US	Assess perceptions of quality and personal values that influence care-seeking behavior	Qs; photo-narrative interviews	97	Latina women in two prenatal clinics	I/B,T,C,R
2001	Klerman et al.	US	Compare outcomes, satisfacation, knowledge and behavior of augmented PNC with routine PNC	RCT; Qs	619	Low income, AA women at risk	I/B,T,C,IN
2001	DeKoninck et al.	Ca	Compare woman-centeredness and continuity in physician and midwife care	Matched cohort; Qs; 10 open-ended interviews	1933	Not described	T,R
2002	Blackwell	US	Explore perceptions of experience of PNC in public and private arena	Exploratory, descriptive; qualitative; interviews	20	Women attending 2 clinics: 45% Hispanic, 40% White, 15% AA	S,T,C,R,IN
2002	Milligan and Wingrove	US	Report women's observations about PNC	Exploratory; qualitative; focus groups	169	Homeless women, substance abuse history, inner city	I/B, C,R
2002	Oroposa et al.	US	Document satisfaction with care; investigate link between sat, structure, process and outcomes	Descriptive, retrospective; Qs	1219	Puerto Rican mainland mothers; primarily low income	I/B,T,C,R,IN
2003	Biró et al.	Au	Assess impact of team model on women's experiences, compared with standard PNC	RCT; Qs	633	Not described	T,C,R
2003	Handler et al.	US	Examine PNC characteristics related to satisfaction in public and commercially insured women	Descriptive, comparative; Qs	400	AA, low income women	I/B,S,T,C,R
2003	Hicks et al.	En	Compare outcomes of a pilot program that provides continuity with traditional care	RCT; Qs	200	Not described	C,R
2003	Sword	Ca	Develop a grounded theory of women's experiences and behaviors	Qualitative; interviews and focus groups	26	Low income women	I/B,S,C,R,IN
2003	van Teijlingen et al.	En	Describe women's views about care	Descriptive; Qs	1137	98% white	C
2003	Vonderheid et al.	US	Compare topics desired and topics discussed; determine whether ethnicity related to info received	Descriptive; structured interviews	159	Low income MA and AA women	C,IN
2004	Grady and Bloom	US	Describe the implementation and evaluation of a group PNC program	Descriptive; Qs, closed and open-ended	69	Not described	I/B,C,IN
2004	Sheppard et al.	US	Explore experiences that influence trust of professionals and lay health workers	Descriptive, qualitative; focus groups	33	23 AA, 6 white, 2 Hispanic, 2 multiracial, low income women.	I/B,T,C,R,IN
2004	Worley et al.	NZ	Explore women's experience of PNC; identify psychosocial barriers to care; better understand chronic non-attenders’ experiences	Qualitative, phenomenological; indepth interviews	10	Clinic patients	S,T,C,R,IN
2005	Davey et al.	Au	Examine two aspects of continuity of caregiver on overall rating of PNC	Descriptive; Qs	1616	Not described	T,C
2005	Korenbrot et al.	US	Determine whether support services use is associated with better interpersonal care and sat	Descriptive, correlational; Qs	363	AA, Latina, White low income women	C,R,IN
2005	Tandon et al.	US	Determine prevalence and likelihood of Hispanic mothers perceiving care as patient-centered.	Interviews, open and closed ended	427	29% Latina, 43%, White; 17% AA	T,R
2007	Ickovics et al.	US	Compare outcomes, satisfaction between group and individual PNC.	RCT; Qs; record review	1047	80% AA, 12% Latina, 8% White/Other	C

^*Location in which study was conducted. Au= Australia; C= Canada; E=England; NZ=New Zealand; S= Scotland; US=United States

^†Purposes relevant to women's experience of care are listed; there may be additional purposes or research questions. Sat=satisfaction; Info=information; PNC= prenatal care; BW=birthweight; LBW=low birthweight

^‡Description of study methods. Qs= questionnaire; RCT=randomized controlled trial

^§Income, race and/or ethnicity, if described. AA = African-American; MA=Mexican-American

^∥Themes identified: I/B=Incentives/Barriers; S=Setting; T=Time Spent; C=Components of Care; R=Relationships with Staff and Clinicians; IN=Receipt of Information