Table 1.
Baseline Characteristic of WHI Observational Study participants vs. Incident Frailty
| Frail cases | Non-frail controls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | P-Value | ||
| Age group at screening, years | 60-69 | 485 | 53.9 | 485 | 53.9 | 1.00 |
| 70-79 | 415 | 46.1 | 415 | 46.1 | . | |
| Education | 0-8 years | 12 | 1.3 | 6 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Some high school | 34 | 3.8 | 17 | 1.9 | . | |
| High school diploma/GED | 192 | 21.5 | 135 | 15.1 | ||
| School after high school | 341 | 38.2 | 342 | 38.2 | . | |
| College degree or higher | 314 | 35.2 | 395 | 44.1 | . | |
| Ethnicity | White | 865 | 96.1 | 865 | 96.1 | 1.00 |
| Black | 16 | 1.8 | 16 | 1.8 | . | |
| Hispanic | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | . | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 15 | 1.7 | 15 | 1.7 | . | |
| Unknown | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | . | |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 (full categories) | Underweight (< 18.5) | 4 | 0.4 | 14 | 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Normal (18.5 - 24.9) | 271 | 30.2 | 461 | 51.5 | . | |
| Overweight (25.0 - 29.9) | 352 | 39.3 | 320 | 35.8 | . | |
| Obesity I (30.0 - 34.9) | 188 | 21.0 | 86 | 9.6 | . | |
| Obesity II (35.0 - 39.9) | 55 | 6.1 | 10 | 1.1 | . | |
| Extreme Obesity III (>= 40) | 26 | 2.9 | 4 | 0.4 | . | |
| Smoking | Never | 472 | 52.9 | 478 | 53.7 | 0.005 |
| Past | 360 | 40.4 | 382 | 42.9 | . | |
| Current | 60 | 6.7 | 30 | 3.4 | . | |
| Alcohol | Non/past drinker | 272 | 30.3 | 200 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
| <1 drink/week | 314 | 35.0 | 251 | 28.0 | . | |
| 1-14 drinks/week | 271 | 30.2 | 404 | 45.1 | . | |
| > 14 drinks/week | 41 | 4.6 | 40 | 4.5 | . | |
| HT Usage Status | Never used | 378 | 42.0 | 400 | 44.5 | 0.48 |
| Past user | 129 | 14.3 | 131 | 14.6 | . | |
| Current user | 393 | 43.7 | 368 | 40.9 | . | |
| Depressive Mood | 0 | 167 | 18.7 | 325 | 36.6 | <0.001 |
| 1-2 | 367 | 41.2 | 356 | 40.1 | . | |
| 3-4 | 215 | 24.1 | 150 | 16.9 | . | |
| 5+ | 142 | 15.9 | 57 | 6.4 | . | |
| Activity of daily living disability | No | 869 | 98.5 | 878 | 99.1 | 0.27 |
| Yes | 13 | 1.5 | 8 | 0.9 | . | |
| Treated diabetes (pills or shots) | No | 862 | 95.8 | 888 | 98.8 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 38 | 4.2 | 11 | 1.2 | . | |
| Hypertensive | No | 448 | 49.9 | 564 | 62.7 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 450 | 50.1 | 336 | 37.3 | . | |
| History of arthritis | No | 330 | 36.7 | 529 | 58.8 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 570 | 63.3 | 371 | 41.2 | . | |
| History of hip fracture at age 55 or older | No | 805 | 98.9 | 825 | 99.8 | 0.03 |
| Yes | 9 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.2 | . | |
| Number of falls in last 12 months | None | 605 | 67.3 | 643 | 71.6 | 0.02 |
| 1 time | 170 | 18.9 | 171 | 19.0 | . | |
| 2 times | 81 | 9.0 | 61 | 6.8 | . | |
| 3 or more times | 43 | 4.8 | 23 | 2.6 | . | |
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Use | No | 816 | 90.7 | 844 | 93.8 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 84 | 9.3 | 56 | 6.2 | . | |
| Non-statin Antihyperlipidemic Medication Use | No | 882 | 98.0 | 888 | 98.7 | 0.27 |
| Yes | 18 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.3 | . | |
| Statin Use | No | 798 | 88.7 | 835 | 92.8 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 102 | 11.3 | 65 | 7.2 | . | |
| NSAID use | No | 521 | 57.9 | 588 | 65.3 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 379 | 42.1 | 312 | 34.7 | . | |
| Coumarin Anticoagulant Use | No | 889 | 98.8 | 898 | 99.8 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 11 | 1.2 | 2 | 0.2 | . | |