Fig. 2.
Representative kinematic, strain and activation data from (A) a 1.5 m s–1 walk, (B) a 3 m s–1 trot and C. a 4.3 m s–1 gallop in a 24 kg goat. Elbow and shoulder joint angles are given in the top traces, fascicle strains and EMG are below (TrLONG, blue; TrLAT, red). Stance periods are indicated by grey shading. There was considerable within-individual variation even during steady running. Both the shoulder and elbow flexed at the onset of stance; in walking the shoulder remained flex, but in trotting and galloping it re-extended in the latter phase of stance. The elbow always flexed and extended; the dashed line indicates the transition from flexion to extension which was used to define `yield' and `propulsive' phases of stance. The long head shortened throughout most of stance whereas the lateral head showed a pattern of stretch and shortening that paralleled the flexion–extension pattern of the elbow.