Table 2.
Substrate types used to induce differentiation into different cell types from mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.
| Substrate type | Cell source | Substrate | Differentiation lineage |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feeder layer based | mESCs | Primary rat hepatocyte | Hepatic | [90] |
| Mouse stromal cells OP9 and RP010 | Hematopoietic | [110,111] | ||
| Fetal murine osteoblasts | Osteogenic | [81] | ||
| Stromal cells PA6 | Neuronal | [145] | ||
| hESCs | Mouse bone marrow cells line S17, yolk sac endothelial line C166 | Hematopoietic | [123] | |
| Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts | Osteogenic | [125] | ||
| Natural substrates | mESCs | Collagen-coated plates | Hepatic | [91] |
| Alginate beads | Hepatic | [94] | ||
| Collagen type IV | Hematopoietic | [112] | ||
| Fibrin polymers reinforced with poly(ethylene glycol) | Endothelial and hematopoietic |
[117] | ||
| Dextran constructs | Endothelial | [120] | ||
| Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks with fibronectin and laminin |
Endothelial and cardiac | [121] | ||
| Alginate construct | Chondrogenic | [128–130] | ||
| Self-assembling peptide construct | Osteogenic | [129] | ||
| Fibrin polymer construct | Neuronal | [147] | ||
| hESCs | Collagen scaffolds | Hepatic | [102] | |
| Alginate scaffolds | Hematopoietic | [124] | ||
| Synthetic substrates | mESCs | Polyurethane foam | Hepatic | [97,98] |
| Cytomatrix | Hematopoetic | [117,122] | ||
| Poly-(ethylene glycol) | Osteogenic | [131,132] | ||
| Nanoscale fiber-based electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds | Adipogenic | [137] | ||
| Copolymer of cellulose triacetate polymer and ethylene vinyl alcohol |
Neuronal | [148] | ||
| hESCs | Poly(D,L-lactide) scaffolds | Osteogenic | [136] | |
| Poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | [149] | |||
| + retinoic acid | Neuronal | |||
| + TGF-β | Chondrogenic | |||
| + activin A and IGF | Pancreatic | |||
hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; mESC: Mouse embryonic stem cell.