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. 2009 Oct 26;5(10):e1000481. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000481

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Berglund et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(A) Recent evolution of the specialist human pathogen M. ulcerans from the aquatic generalist pathogen M. marinum. (B) Arrangement of the three M. ulcerans plasmid–encoded repeated virulence genes (arrows from left to right: mlsA1 [51 kb], mlsA2 [7.6 kb], mlsB [43 kb]) coding for three polyketide synthases. The loading modules (labeled LM) and the 16 repeated modules depicted in purple (labeled 1–9 for mlsA1 and mlsA2, and 1–7 for mlsB) enable the serial buildup of the backbone carbon chain of the complex immunosuppressive substance mycolactone.