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Schematic diagram of an stand-alone EOP: a schematic configuration of an stand-alone EOP; b detailed structure of a membrane joint. A Pump electrolyte container; B vial housing M and containing the same solution as A; HV high-voltage power supply; C1 pumping capillary; M membrane; V1 four-way valve; S1 and S2 syringes respectively holding pump buffer solution and reagent solutions; HC reagent holding coil. Reprinted with permission from Dasgupta and Liu 1994
