. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 5.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Dyslexia. 2009 Apr 25;59(1):34–54. doi: 10.1007/s11881-009-0022-0

Table 4.

Means, standard deviations, significant differences, and effect sizes on executive function measures

Measure	TD		S-RCD		GRD		ES	ES	ES
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	TD v. S-RCD	TD v. GRD	S-RCD v. GRD
Mazes^a	11.00	2.89^*	6.82	3.55	8.62	3.99	1.29	0.68	0.48
TOL excess moves	21.67	14.77^*	53.73	29.18^**	31.77	16.93	1.39	0.64	0.92
Digit span backwards	4.44	1.34	4.00	0.78	3.62	0.96	0.40	0.70	0.43

Mazes is based on a scaled score, mean=10, SD±3; TOL excess moves and digit span backwards are based on a raw score. In addition, for TOL, analyses were conducted using a transformed variable (square root) to account for unequal variances; however, data are reported using original scores

p<0.05 TD versus S-RCD;

^**

p<0.05 GRD versus S-RCD