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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2008 Apr 3;9(7):597–605. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.01.334

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of unilateral administration of carbachol (1, 2, or 4μg) into the ventral tegmental area on the mean (+S.E.M.) thresholds of spinal motor reflexes (SMRs), vocalizations during shock (VDSs), and vocalization afterdischarges (VADs). Asterisk (*) indicates significantly elevated above saline treatment.