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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 6.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2008 Apr 3;9(7):597–605. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.01.334

Table 1.

Anatomical specificity of carbachol (4 μg) injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on increases in response thresholds.

Response
SMR VDS VAD
Injection Site M S.E.M M S.E.M M S.E.M
VTA - carb (12) a .080 ±.011 .432 ±.100 e 2.124 ±.190 e
Other - carb (7) b .064 ±. 013 .069 ±.011 d .151 ±.025 de
VTA - sal (12) c .058 ±. 008 .063 ±.007 d .085 ±.012 d

Values are means ± S.E.M. of threshold current (in milliamperes). Values in parentheses represent the number of injections at each site. SMR = spinal motor reflexes; VDS = vocalizations during shock, VAD = vocalizations afterdischarges; VTA = ventral tegmental area; other = injection sites dorsal, ventral, medial, or lateral to VTA (see Figure 3). carb = carbachol, sal = saline

a

Mean response thresholds from Experiment 1 after the administration of 4 μg carbachol plus Experiment 2 after administration of saline + 4 μg carbachol into VTA.

b

Mean response thresholds following misplaced injections of 4 μg carbachol (Experiment 1) plus saline + 4 μg carbachol (Experiment 2).

c

Mean response thresholds from Experiment 1 after the administration of saline plus Experiment 2 after administration of saline + saline into VTA.

Values with subscript ‘d’ are significantly lower than those observed following carbachol treatment in VTA (Student’s t test; p < 0.05).

Values with subscript ‘e’ are significantly higher than those observed following saline treatment (Student’s t test; p < 0.05).