Intranasal or i.p. CPAF+CpG vaccination induces robust cell-mediated immune responses. Animals (3 mice/group) were treated i.n. or i.p. with CPAF + CpG, CPAF + ODN, CpG, or PBS. On day 14, animals were euthanized and single cells prepared from spleens and analyzed for CPAF-specific recall cytokine responses by measuring IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-4 production by ELISA. Cells from each group were also stimulated with an unrelated antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL). * Significant differences in cytokine secretion between CPAF+CpG and CPAF+ODN immunization (P < 0.05, student's t test). Results are representative of two independent experiments.