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A scheme of “iPS → eye field → retina” for autologous cell transplantation. Skin keratinocytes are reprogrammed to give rise to iPS cells, which are subjected to the targeted stepwise differentiation process (2) to produce RPE cells or cones. The autologous RPE or cones can then be transplanted into the patient with atrophy of RPE or cones because of nongenetic causes. For genetic causes, gene therapy (15, 16) needs to be incorporated.
