Table I.

A List of Apoptotic and Growth Inhibitory Pathways Activated by Curcumin in Tumor Cells

Pathways	References
Apoptotic pathways
Caspase activation	(28–43)
Caspase-independent pathway	(28,42,44–46)
Induction of death receptors	(47–49)
Fas receptor aggregation	(41,50)
Induction of p53/p21 pathway	(51–60),
Release of apoptosis-releasing factor	(28,48,49,61–64)
Induction of DNA fragmentation	(65–76),
Suppression of Antiapoptotic proteins	(53,61,70,78–94)
Mitochondrial Activation	(28,29,31,32,35,45,47,51,53,61,65,67,69,71,83,88,95–117)
Autophagy	(118,119)
Induction of BIM	(46)
Activation of c-Jun kinase	(72,100,107,120–124)
Inhibition of IL6/STAT3 activation	(79,111,125)
Inhibition of NF-κB	(126–129)
Inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling	(130,131)
Growth inhibitory pathways
Cell cycle regulation	(52,56,97,132,133)
Inhibition of PI3K-AKT activation	(134)
Inhibition of mTOR	(118,135,136)
Down-regulation of androgen receptors	(51,53,62,137–140),
Inhibition of growth factors and their receptors	(2,141,142)
Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase	(136,145)
Inhibition of COX2 and 5 LOX	(61,70,85,89,112,126–128,146–150)
Inhibition of Ornithine decarboxylase	(98,151)
Inhibition of Acidic Sphingomyelinase	(152,153)
Inhibition of phospholipase D	(134,152,154)
Activation of Thioredoxin reductase	(155–157)
Inhibition of p300-HAT	(158,159)
Intracellular [Ca(2+)](i) depletion	(117,160–162)
Binding and Inhibition of Glyoxylase	(163,164)
Binding to Microtubules	(165,166)
Proteasome activation	(167–169)
Prooxidant/antioxidant mechanism	(42,85,96,149,170–173)

IL-6 Interleukin-6, STAT-3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-κB nuclear factor-kappa B, COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2, 5-LOX 5-lipoxygenase, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, HAT histone acetyltransferase