Table 4.

Independent-groups comparisons mixed-effects analysis on four major variables

Moderator	k0	k1	μ̂δ0 (mean of true ESs)	μ̂δ1 (mean of true ES)	QBetween groups (heterogeneity)	QWithin groups (heterogeniety)	σ̂δ (SD of ESs)	I2 (heterogeneity index)
Physical Activity
Profit status	16	16	0.12	0.22	0.9	89.2***	0.223	0.66
Large company	4	15	0.29	0.22	0.2	41.6***	0.228	0.58
Multiple companies	24	13	0.25	0.15	1.1	109.5***	0.222	0.68
Data collected at work (WP)	5	11	0.27	0.18	0.3	38.9***	0.246	0.63
Intervention delivered at WP	19	22	0.22	0.17	0.4	113.6***	0.217	0.65
Paid during intervention	37	4	0.21	0.01	1.3	112.2***	0.209	0.65
Employee interventionist	33	7	0.19	0.13	0.3	106.7***	0.211	0.64
WP designed intervention	38	3	0.18	0.29	0.5	105.9***	0.205	0.63
Fitness facility onsite	32	9	0.19	0.22	0.1	113.2***	0.211	0.65
Fitness
Profit status	17	9	0.68	0.66	0.0	53.9***	0.401	0.55
Large company	5	5	0.58	0.66	0.1	13.9†	0.272	0.38
Multiple companies	21	5	0.54	0.61	0.1	48.0**	0.338	0.49
Data collected at WP	3	10	0.47	0.52	0.0	11.9	0.104	0.00
Intervention delivered at WP	19	16	0.56	0.61	0.1	65.5***	0.331	0.49
Recruitment at WP	5	30	0.50	0.59	0.2	65.5***	0.332	0.49
Paid during intervention	27	8	0.49	0.92	5.4*	53.9*	0.267	0.38
Employee interventionist	27	5	0.50	1.03	6.4*	49.4*	0.265	0.38
WP designed intervention	28	4	0.49	1.18	10.5**	45.1*	0.235	0.32
Fitness facility onsite	23	12	0.53	0.68	0.8	62.8**	0.318	0.47
Lipids
Profit status	11	13	0.20	0.11	0.5	46.4**	0.165	0.52
Large company	3	7	−0.04	0.19	0.9	28.7***	0.181	0.71
Multiple companies	17	4	0.10	0.12	0.0	29.9†	0.142	0.34
Intervention delivered at WP	11	16	0.10	0.17	0.3	48.8**	0.164	0.48
Recruitment at WP	3	24	0.03	0.15	0.7	44.6**	0.148	0.43
Paid during intervention	21	6	0.09	0.25	1.6	50.4**	0.170	0.49
Employee interventionist	20	3	0.09	0.59	6.6*	42.6**	0.152	0.50
Organizational policy change	24	3	0.11	0.22	0.7	50.0**	0.168	0.49
WP designed intervention	20	3	0.11	0.29	1.2	43.9**	0.176	0.51
Fitness facility onsite	16	11	0.07	0.32	3.8†	48.3**	0.155	0.47
Anthropometric outcome
Profit status	18	19	0.18	0.09	1.0	44.3	0.086	0.19
Large company	3	12	0.07	0.08	0.0	24.9*	0.116	0.46
Multiple companies	22	9	0.04	0.05	0.0	35.3	0.069	0.15
Intervention delivered at WP	24	20	0.05	0.17	3.1†	48.9	0.063	0.12
Recruitment at WP	7	37	0.10	0.09	0.0	55.1†	0.089	0.22
Paid during intervention	32	12	0.02	0.22	8.1**	44.5	0.038	0.03
Employee interventionist	34	6	0.05	0.32	6.1*	45.1	0.064	0.14
Organizational policy change	40	4	0.03	0.24	6.5*	45.9	0.047	0.06
WP designed intervention	33	7	0.06	0.22	3.9*	45.9	0.073	0.15
Fitness facility onsite	31	13	0.05	0.24	3.9*	49.1	0.063	0.13

Note. k_j = number of (possibly dependent) ES estimates in group coded j. Moderator levels: 0=no, 1=yes. Heterogeneity statistics: Q_B = between groups (distributed as chi-square on df = 1 under H₀: μ_δ0 = μ_δ1), Q_W = combined within groups (distributed as chi-square on df = k₀ + k₁ − 2 under ${\text{H}}_0:{\sigma }_{{\delta }_0}^2={\sigma }_{{\delta }_1}^2=0$). Weighted method of moments used to estimate between-studies variance component ${\sigma }_{\delta }^2$.

Analysis reported if k₀ ≥ 3 and k₁ ≥ 3.

^†p<0.10,

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001 (for Q_B and Q_W).