. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 7.

Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002 Jun;30(3):199–216. doi: 10.1023/a:1015183927979

Table I.

Means, Standard Deviations, and Bivariate Relations Between Predictors and Initiation of Substance Use

	Nonusers			Users

Variable	M	SD	n	M	SD	n	Test statistic	p level
Demographics
Age	6.35	0.45	230	6.42	0.49	65	t = 1.05	ns
Gender^a	0.46	0.50	230	0.61	0.49	65	χ² = 4.54	.03
Race^b	0.42	0.49	230	0.61	0.49	65	χ² = 7.58	.006
SES	27.37	14.07	230	23.60	12.55	65	t = −1.94	.05
Environment
Home environment	8.89	2.32	221	9.46	2.24	65	t = 1.79	.07
Neighborhood environment	8.70	2.56	221	9.42	2.35	65	t = 2.00	.05
Parenting
Parental warmth	3.52	0.76	229	3.39	0.73	65	t = −1.30	ns
Physical punishment	2.41	1.28	230	2.69	1.33	65	t = 1.54	ns
Verbal reasoning	0.21	0.25	230	0.15	0.16	64	t = −2.52	.01
Parental involvement in school	1.17	0.64	192	0.91	0.53	61	t = −2.81	.01
Maternal depression	12.81	8.79	230	17.13	11.49	65	t = 2.79	.01
Parent substance abuse^c	0.15	0.36	230	0.38	0.49	64	χ² = 16.25	.001
Child characteristics
Child IQ	96.44	18.08	230	90.53	16.06	65	t = −2.37	.02
Inattention	4.03	4.67	191	6.00	3.96	61	t = 2.95	.003
Overactivity	2.68	2.98	191	4.58	3.35	61	t = 4.20	.001
Medication for ADHD	0.10	0.43	223	0.34	0.76	64	χ² = 10.55	.001
Oppositional behavior	0.21	0.17	230	0.21	0.16	65	t = .20	ns
Aggressive behavior	8.15	10.46	191	15.62	13.71	61	t = 3.88	.001
Delinquent behavior	1.90	2.77	191	3.48	3.17	61	t = 3.74	.001
Somatic complaints	1.03	1.38	229	1.53	2.15	65	t = 1.76	.08
Thought problems	0.63	1.01	229	1.22	1.49	65	t = 2.96	.004
Withdrawn	2.12	1.87	229	2.38	2.17	65	t = .92	ns
Anxious/depressed	3.49	3.15	229	3.80	3.39	65	t = .69	ns
Emotion recognition	11.25	2.74	228	11.03	3.12	63	t = −.55	ns
Hostile attributions	0.60	0.30	230	0.69	0.27	65	t = 2.05	.04
Social problem solving	0.67	0.22	230	0.60	0.20	65	t = −2.21	.03
Social preference score	0.09	0.98	202	−0.37	1.02	54	t = −2.97	.003
Prosocial score	0.11	1.03	202	−0.36	0.90	54	t = −3.06	.003

Note. Sample sizes vary from 252 to 295 because of missing data on certain measures.

0 = female, 1 = male; means represent proportion of males.

0 = Caucasian, 1 = African American; means represent proportion of African Americans.

0 = no drug use, 1 = some drug use; means represent proportion of parents who abused drugs.