Table 4.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Mortality Outcomes up to 24 Months Postpartum for Offspring of HIV-Infected Women and the Association of Such Outcomes with Low Maternal Vitamin D Levels

	Maternal vitamin D level, n/N (%)		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysisa
Outcome	Low	Adequate	RR (95% CI)	Pb	RR (95% CI)	Pb
HIV transmission through breast-feeding
Among children known to be HIV uninfected at 6 weeks of age	18/87 (20.7)	24/193 (12.4)	1.89 (1.03–3.49)	.04	2.03 (1.08–3.82)	.03
Among children not known to be HIV infected at 6 weeks of age	47/222 (21.2)	62/392 (15.8)	1.55 (1.06–2.26)	.02	1.55 (1.06–2.27)	.02
Infant status at the end of follow-up
HIV infected at 24 months of agec	95/270 (35.2)	122/452 (27.0)	1.49 (1.14–1.95)	<.01	1.46 (1.11–1.91)	<.01
Death among live births	118/304 (38.8)	130/486 (26.8)	1.64 (1.28–2.11)	<.01	1.61 (1.25–2.07)d	<.01
Overall mortalitye	150/336 (44.6)	163/519 (31.4)	1.61 (1.29–2.01)	<.01	1.58 (1.26–1.97)d	<.01
Overall HIV infection or mortalitye	181/336 (53.9)	212/519 (40.9)	1.54 (1.26–1.87)	<.01	1.50 (1.23–1.83)d	<.01

NOTE. Data are the no. of offspring with the outcome/no. of offspring assessed (% of offspring with the outcome). CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.

^aAll multivariate models adjusted for maternal age at baseline, HIV disease stage at baseline, CD4 cell counts at baseline, and regimen received.

^bP values are derived from Cox (proportional hazards) regression models.

^cOverall HIV infection.

^dAdditionally adjusted for maternal death while child was alive.

^eIncluding fetal deaths.