TABLE 3.
Stepwise and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Indicators for Uncorrected Refractive Error and Unmet Refractive Need among LALES Participants
| Factor | ≥2 Lines Improvement (n = 4526) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) Unmet Refractive Need Definition 1 (n = 1807) |
Unmet Refractive Need Definition 2 (n = 1709) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| 40–49 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 50–59 | 1.53 (1.24–1.90) ‡ | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) ‡ | 0.54 (0.33–0.90) ‡ |
| 60–69 | 2.07 (1.61–2.67) ‡ | 0.80 (0.49–1.32) | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) |
| 70–79 | 1.81 (1.26–2.62) ‡ | 1.18 (0.67–2.08) | 1.09 (0.61–1.92) |
| ≥80 | 2.19 (1.25–3.84) ‡ | 2.98 (1.38–6.44) ‡ | 2.79 (1.28–6.09) ‡ |
| Employment Status | 5 | — | — |
| Employed | 1 | — | — |
| Retired | 1.20 (0.88–1.63) | — | — |
| Unemployed | 1.29 (1.06–1.56) * | — | — |
| Education (y) | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥12 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| <12 | 1.35 (1.12–1.64) † | 2.46 (1.57–3.86) ‡ | 2.56 (1.63–4.02) ‡ |
| Annual Income Level | — | 5 | 5 |
| >$40,000 | — | 1 | 1 |
| $20,000–$40,000 | — | 2.32 (1.07–5.05)* | 2.06 (0.94–4.53) |
| <$20,000 | — | 2.62 (1.22–5.62) * | 2.80 (1.30–6.02) * |
| BMI | 4 | — | 4 |
| Normal/underweight | 1 | — | 1 |
| Overweight | 0.69 (0.52–0.90) * | — | 0.48 (0.29–0.80) * |
| Obese | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | — | 0.59 (0.37–0.94) * |
| Smoking status | — | 4 | 6 |
| Nonsmoker | — | 1 | 1 |
| Ex-smoker | — | 1.11 (0.73–1.67) | 1.27 (0.84–1.91) |
| Current smoker | — | 1.82 (1.14–2.91) * | 1.79 (1.11–2.88) * |
| Health insurance | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.34 (1.12–1.61) † | 2.11 (1.44–3.09) ‡ | 2.26 (1.54–3.30) ‡ |
All significant associations are in bold. Also, the order of significance for each risk indicator (from the stepwise logistic regression analyses) is indicated in bold in the heading for each outcome variable.
Definitions 1 and 2 are as in Table 1.
*
P < 0.05.
†
P < 0.01.
‡
P < 0.001.