Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample as a function of Socioeconomic Status (SES)†
| High SES | Intermediate SES | Low SES | p value for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M
F |
N (%) | 1190 (42.4%)
185 (17.0%) |
1477 (52.6%)
490 (45.0%) |
141 (5.0%)
413 (38.0%) |
p < 0.0001 |
| Age | M
F |
M (SD) | 62.32 (5.61)
59.80 (5.49) |
60.04 (5.77)
60.07 (5.93) |
60.84 (6.51)
62.04 (5.73) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| IMT (mm) | M
F |
M (SD) | 0.80 (0.16)
0.76 (0.13) |
0.79 (0.16)
0.77 (0.13) |
0.82 (0.18)
0.79 (0.14) |
p =0.33
p = 0.02 |
| Memory | M
F |
M (SD) | 7.18 (2.28)
8.32 (2.27) |
6.65 (2.24)
7.31 (2.41) |
5.67 (2.49)
6.09 (2.43) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| AH4-I | M
F |
M (SD) | 49.90 (7.97)
50.34 (7.02) |
44.46 (9.44)
43.11 (9.39) |
30.71 (11.19)
31.14 (9.76) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| Mill Hill | M
F |
M (SD) | 27.39 (2.72)
27.96 (2.32) |
24.93 (3.45)
25.24 (3.57) |
20.25 (6.02)
19.34 (5.06) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| Phonemic fluency | M
F |
M (SD) | 17.14 (3.88)
18.81 (3.98) |
15.50 (3.83)
16.36 (3.80) |
12.24 (4.28)
13.71 (3.72) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| Semantic fluency | M
F |
M (SD) | 17.05 (3.43)
18.65 (3.876) |
15.58 (3.41)
16.20 (3.83) |
11.93 (3.48)
12.86 (3.50) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| MMSE | M
F |
M (SD) | 28.91 (1.19)
29.16 (1.01) |
28.71 (1.31)
28.88 (1.24) |
27.86 (1.70)
28.18 (1.55) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease | M
F |
N (%) | 118 (9.9%)
8 (4.3%) |
116 (7.9%)
33 (6.7%) |
20 (14.2%)
40 (9.7%) |
p = 0.72
p =0.02 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | M
F |
M (SD) | 127.90 (15.50)
122.84 (17.65) |
127.18 (15.22)
124.70 (16.86) |
124.54 (14.65)
126.50 (17.33) |
p =0.03
p =0.01 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure(mmHg) | M
F |
M (SD) | 74.15 (10.32)
71.87 (10.32) |
74.33 (10.05)
72.57 (10.42) |
72.16 (10.06)
72.55 (10.56) |
p =0.05
p =0.36 |
| Cholesterol(mmol/l) | M
F |
M (SD) | 5.68 (0.97)
5.99 (1.02) |
5.62 (0.99)
5.94 (1.00) |
5.41 (1.03)
5.89 (1.03) |
p =0.005
p =0.25 |
| Body Mass index(kg/m2) | M
F |
M (SD) | 26.20 (3.65)
25.55 (5.06) |
26.50 (3.77)
26.42 (5.30) |
26.49 (4.23)
27.56 (4.89) |
p =0.06
p < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol units in a week | M
F |
GM (SDL) | 11.49 (2.61)
8.23 (2.58) |
9.13 (3.08)
5.15 (2.86) |
5.34 (3.55)
2.62 (2.69) |
p < 0.0001
p < 0.0001 |
| Current smoker | M
F |
N (%) | 90 (7.6%)
13 (7.0%) |
187 (12.7%)
45 (9.2%) |
35 (24.8%)
39 (9.4%) |
p < 0.0001
p =0.40 |
†
Analysis restricted to those with complete data.
†
GM: Geometric mean; SDL: Standard deviation of logged values (see statistical analysis).