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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2009 Feb 13;30(3):436–444. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.02.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

AP4A reduces methamphetamine (MA) toxicity in primary VM cultures. (A) Density of TH (+) cells. MA decreased the density of TH (+) neurons. AP4A (100 μM) antagonized the decrease in TH (+) cell density induced by 2 mM MA. (B) Density of GFAP immunoreactivity. AP4A did not alter GFAP immunoreactivity in cultures treated with MA. (C) TUNEL labeling. Pretreatment with AP4A reduced MA -mediated TUNEL labeling. (D) Activation of caspase-3. Density of activated caspase-3 positive cells was enhanced by MA, which was significantly reduced by AP4A. All data were normalized to the mean of vehicle/no MA controls in each experiment. * p<0.05, 1- or 2-Way ANOVA.