Table 4.

Summary of monoamine neurotransmitter detection methods and their LODs.

Analytes	Experiment Type	Detection method	Sampling technique (if applicable)	LOD	Reference
DA, 5HT	Method development	Microelectrode		DA: 90 nM 5HT: 60 nM	[101]
DA, 5HT	Method development	Microelectrode		DA: 1 μM* 5HT: 100 nM*	[111]
DA, 5HT	Method development	Surface-modified microelectrode		DA: 0.3–0.9μM 5HT: 1.7 μM	[102, 104]
DA, 5HT	Method development	Surface-modified microelectrode		DA: 8 nM 5HT: 500μM*	[103]
DA, 5HT	Method development w/testing on ex vivo samples	Microelectrode		DA: 8 nM 5HT: 0.25μM*	[112]
DA, EP	Method development	Surface-modified microelectrode		DA: 67 μM EP: 69 μM	[105]
DA, EP	Method development	Surface-modified microelectrode		DA: 0.2–0.5μM EP: 0.8 –3.5μM	[106, 108]
DA, EP	Method development	Microelectrode		Not reported	[107]
DA, EP, NE	Method development	Microelectrode		1 μM*	[113]
DA, EP, NE	Method development	Enzyme-modified biosensor		DA: 0.2 μM EP: 0.3 μM NE: 0.4 μM	[109]
DA, EP, NE, 5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing	Microelectrode		DA: 10 nM EP: 1 μM* NE: 1 μM* 5HT: 0.5 μM*	[110]
L-NE, D- NE, L-EP, D-EP	Method development	CE-UV		NE: 0.12 mM* EP: 0.11 mM*	[117]
DA, 5HT, NE	Method development w/in vivo and ex vivo testing and pharmacological manipulation	LC-FLD	Microdialysis	0.2–0.3 nM	[118]
DA, 5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-EC	Microdialysis	DA: 0.5 nM 5HT: 0.25 nM	[75]
DA, NE	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-EC	Microdialysis	DA: 0.25–1 nM NE: 0.2–0.25 nM 5HT: 0.4–2.5 nM	[76, 124]
DA, NE, 5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-ED	Microdialysis	DA: 0.1–0.25 nM NE: 0.2–0.25 nM 5HT: 0.3–0.5 nM	[121–123]
DA, 5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-PFET	Microdialysis	DA: 180 pM 5HT: 150 pM	[116]
DA, NE, 5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC/MS/MS	Microdialysis	DA: 10 nM NE: 10 nM 5HT: 5 nM	[119]
DA, NE, EP	Method development w/testing in vivo and ex vivo samples	LC/MS/MS	Microdialysis	DA: 0.25 nM NE: 5 nM EP: 5 nM	[120]
DA, 5HT, EP	Method development	CE-EC on microfluidic chip	Microdialysis	DA: 1.6 μM 5HT: 2.0 μM EP: 2.5 μM	[115]
DA, EP, NE	Method development	CE-EC		DA: 0.9 μM EP: 1.0 μM NE: 0.8 μM	[114]
DA, 5HT	Method development for ex vivo sample prep and analysis	CE-EC		100 μM*	[126]
DA, NE, EP	Method development & ex vivo sample testing	CE-EC on microfluidic chip		DA: 1.7 μM EP: 0.45 μM	[125]
DA	Method development	Hybrid-mode electrode array		≥ 100 nM*	[145]
DA	Method development	Surface modified electrode		5–80 nM	[127, 130, 131, 133, 138–141]
DA	Method development	Surface modified electrode		0.2–3.4 μM	[128, 129, 132, 134–136, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 168]
DA	Method development	Surface modified electrode		25–51 μM	[137, 150]
DA	Method development	Surface modified electrode		80 μM*	[143]
DA	Method development	Microelectrode		10 μM*	[148, 169]
DA	Method development	Microelectrode w/analogue background subtraction		Not reported	[151]
DA	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	CE-LIF	Microdialysis	2 nM	[74]
DA	Method development	Microfluidic chip based electrochemical cell		2 μM	[152]
DA	Method development	CE-EC on microfluidic chip		60–650 nM	[153, 154, 157]
DA	Method development w/testing on cell cultures	CE-EC on microfluidic chip	Microdialysis	9 μM	[155]
DA	Method development	FIA-EC on microfluidic chip		74 nM	[156]
DA	Method development	Reactor column- EC		100 nM	[158]
DA	Method development w/testing in cell culture	Surface modified electrode	Microdialysis	≤ 25 nM	[159]
DA	Method development	FIA-EC		0.2 μM	[162]
DA	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-EC	Microdialysis	2.5–5 nM	[160, 161]
DA	Method development w/testing in cell culture	chemiluminescent imaging		10 nM	[163]
DA	Method development w/testing in cell culture	CE-EC on microfluidic chip		59 nM	[164]
NE	Method development	Surface modified electrode		5 nM	[165]
5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	CE-LIF	Microdialysis	0.25 nM	[166]
5HT	Method development w/in vivo testing & pharmacological manipulation	LC-EC	Microdialysis	56 pM	[167]

^*indicates lowest detected concentration.