Figure 2.

Neural activation in response to contingency changes. (A) On Reversal Change trials, the contingencies between actions and their rewarding outcomes switch, so that the participant should select a different action on the subsequent trial. Such changes evoke activation in a dorsal executive network comprising regions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and insular cortex, among other regions. (B) On Effect Change trials, only the visual effect of the action changes; the outcome has the same value, and the participant does not need to switch behavioral responses. Activation was again observed in lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, along with regions of visual cortex.