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Effects of depletion of liver IGF-I on carbohydrate metabolism. Lack of liver-derived IGF-I (right panel) causes enhanced GH secretion from the pituitary, which in turn results in insulin insensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Therefore, more insulin is needed to prevent glucose secretion from the liver and to stimulate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The mice with liver-specific IGF-I inactivation are normoglycemic but hyperinsulinemic.
