TABLE 1.

Comparison of Case and Control Participants, by Situational and Individual Characteristics: Philadelphia, PA, 2003–2006

	All Gun Assaults		Fatal Gun Assaults		Gun Assaults Where Victim Had at Least Some Chance to Resist
	Case Participants (n = 677)	Control Participants (n = 684)	Case Participants (n = 163)	Control Participants (n = 166)	Case Participants (n = 446)	Control Participants (n = 451)
Situational characteristics
Gun possession, %	5.92	7.16	8.80	7.85	8.28	7.37
Alcohol involvement, %	26.34	13.82**	24.55	14.20**	28.94	13.58**
Illicit drug involvement, %	11.27	7.51**	23.38	4.75**	9.00	8.85
Being outdoors, %	83.13	9.05**	70.77	9.24**	82.21	9.65**
Other persons present, mean no.	3.12	2.91	3.29	2.90	3.36	2.95
Surrounding area
Blacks, mean 1000 persons per mile	26.04	20.19**	24.44	20.62**	25.81	19.56**
Hispanics, mean 1000 persons per mile	4.50	2.68**	4.21	2.89*	4.65	2.68**
Unemployment, mean 1000 persons per mile	2.44	1.98**	2.29	2.02**	2.43	1.96**
Income, mean million dollars per mile	594.90	652.79**	577.11	632.32	586.65	660.26**
Alcohol outlets, mean no. per mile	79.87	82.12	73.05	82.42	78.48	84.28
Illicit drug trafficking, mean arrests per mile	953.21	563.60**	809.94	634.19*	958.58	551.69**
Individual characteristics
Age, mean, y	30.56	32.65**	31.99	34.12**	30.88	32.84**
Black, %	87.89	87.87	87.69	87.31	85.56	85.31
Male, %	91.88	91.67	91.38	91.54	94.40	94.25
Hispanic, %	7.15	3.51**	7.63	4.23	8.12	3.82**
Occupation
Professional, %	33.00	29.93	28.68	30.82	34.70	30.43
Working class, %	31.34	46.70	30.77	41.39	30.49	46.40
Not working, %	35.66	23.38	40.55	27.79	34.81	23.17
High-risk occupation (those handling cash), %	24.34	11.40**	13.78	10.45	27.21	10.99**
Education, mean y	11.59	12.73**	11.66	12.68**	11.59	12.76**
Prior arrests, %	53.12	37.06**	54.58	35.95**	52.80	37.17**

*P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01.