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Optical mapping of activation spread in engineered cardiac tissues. (A) Isochronal activation map (top) and selected optical recordings of action potential upstrokes (bottom) in a stimulated tissue sample. (B) Activation map and optical recordings in a nonstimulated control. Red circles on optical traces depict activation times. The average conduction velocity was 20.4 and 5.4 cm/s in (A) and (B), respectively. Color images available online at www.liebertonline.com/ten.
