Table 1.
Industrial Structure of the Work Force of Gainful Workers, by Immigrant (1st and 2nd Generation) Generation: United States, 1880 to 1920
| 1880 to 1920 Change |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % in Industry of Total LF |
Absolute (in 000) | Relative to Total Growth | % Immigrant of Industry |
Imm. Grwth as % of Total Grwth | |||
| 1880 | 1920 | 1880 | 1920 | ||||
| INDUSTRIAL SECTOR | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
| AGRICULTURE | 47.9% | 25.3% | 1,548 | 0.1 | 21% | 23% | 36% |
| MINING | 1.7% | 3.1% | 956 | 2.5 | 64% | 47% | 42% |
| 206 Metal mining | 0.1% | 0.4% | 156 | 5.2 | 52% | 66% | 68% |
| 216 Coal mining | 0.5% | 2.1% | 741 | 6.5 | 64% | 50% | 49% |
| 226 Crude petroleum and natural gas extraction | 0.0% | 0.4% | 138 | 15.2 | 32% | 13% | 12% |
| 236 Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel | 1.0% | 0.3% | −80 | −0.3 | 68% | 40% | 105% |
| 246 CONSTRUCTION | 4.3% | 4.8% | 1,159 | 1.2 | 41% | 45% | 47% |
| MANUFACTURING | 13.5% | 24.8% | 7,585 | 2.5 | 57% | 53% | 52% |
| Wood and Mineral Products (incl. logging/sawmills) | 2.6% | 3.2% | 817 | 1.4 | 51% | 37% | 29% |
| Metals (Steel and Iron) | 1.3% | 3.7% | 1,268 | 4.3 | 60% | 57% | 57% |
| 336 Blast furnaces, steel works, & rolling mills | 0.5% | 1.4% | 476 | 4.1 | 61% | 56% | 55% |
| 337 Other primary iron and steel industries | 0.1% | 0.8% | 285 | 9.0 | 58% | 57% | 57% |
| 338 Primary nonferrous industries | 0.2% | 0.3% | 114 | 3.3 | 57% | 62% | 64% |
| 346 Fabricated steel products | 0.4% | 1.0% | 313 | 3.5 | 60% | 56% | 55% |
| 347 Fabricated nonferrous metal products | 0.0% | 0.1% | 39 | 12.7 | 84% | 58% | 57% |
| 348 Not specified metal industries | 0.1% | 0.1% | 41 | 1.9 | 53% | 63% | 68% |
| Machinery | 0.7% | 5.0% | 1,872 | 11.3 | 48% | 54% | 55% |
| 356 Agricultural machinery and tractors | 0.1% | 0.1% | 43 | 2.5 | 55% | 51% | 50% |
| 357 Office and store machines | 0.0% | 0.1% | 39 | 78.8 | 0% | 43% | 44% |
| 358 Misc machinery | 0.1% | 1.5% | 610 | 29.5 | 57% | 58% | 58% |
| 367 Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies | 0.0% | 0.6% | 243 | 197.4 | 70% | 54% | 54% |
| 376 Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment | 0.0% | 1.2% | 487 | 3952.3 | 0% | 54% | 54% |
| 378 Ship and boat building and repairing | 0.0% | 1.0% | 388 | 98.7 | 44% | 51% | 51% |
| 379 Railroad and misc transportation equipment | 0.5% | 0.4% | 59 | 0.5 | 45% | 51% | 60% |
| Food & Tobacco | 1.5% | 2.5% | 740 | 2.3 | 56% | 50% | 48% |
| Textiles/Footwear/Leather | 3.8% | 4.8% | 1,242 | 1.5 | 65% | 62% | 60% |
| 436 Knitting mills | 0.0% | 0.3% | 122 | 11.7 | 51% | 49% | 49% |
| 437 Dyeing and finishing textiles, except knit goods | 0.0% | 0.1% | 41 | 5.7 | 72% | 67% | 67% |
| 438 Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings | 0.1% | 0.1% | 19 | 1.1 | 80% | 71% | 64% |
| 439 Yarn, thread, and fabric | 1.7% | 2.0% | 485 | 1.3 | 73% | 58% | 48% |
| 446 Misc textile mill products | 0.2% | 0.2% | 32 | 0.8 | 62% | 68% | 74% |
| 448 Apparel and accessories | 0.3% | 1.1% | 400 | 6.3 | 68% | 73% | 73% |
| 449 Misc fabricated textile products | 0.1% | 0.1% | 20 | 1.1 | 56% | 71% | 82% |
| 487 Leather: tanned, curried, and finished | 0.3% | 0.2% | 18 | 0.2 | 52% | 62% | 96% |
| 488 Footwear, except rubber | 1.0% | 0.6% | 84 | 0.4 | 56% | 56% | 57% |
| 489 Leather products, except footwear | 0.1% | 0.1% | 22 | 1.0 | 52% | 62% | 70% |
| Paper and Printing | 0.8% | 1.6% | 475 | 2.5 | 53% | 49% | 48% |
| Chemical/Petro/Rubber | 0.2% | 1.6% | 587 | 10.6 | 61% | 46% | 45% |
| Miscellenous | 2.5% | 2.6% | 583 | 1.0 | 52% | 57% | 60% |
| TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND UTILITIES | 6.9% | 9.4% | 2,572 | 1.7 | 42% | 40% | 39% |
| 506 Railroads and railway | 3.9% | 5.1% | 1,342 | 1.5 | 41% | 38% | 35% |
| 516 Street railways and bus lines | 0.1% | 0.5% | 204 | 9.0 | 49% | 45% | 44% |
| 526 Trucking service | 1.0% | 1.1% | 237 | 1.0 | 45% | 39% | 34% |
| 527 Warehousing and storage | 0.0% | 0.1% | 49 | 5.0 | 34% | 41% | 42% |
| 536 Taxicab service | 0.0% | 0.2% | 73 | 8.5 | 53% | 43% | 42% |
| 546 Water transportation | 0.8% | 0.6% | 117 | 0.7 | 42% | 54% | 68% |
| 556–568 Misc transportation | 0.7% | 0.3% | −14 | −0.1 | 39% | 46% | −17% |
| 578 Telephone | 0.0% | 0.7% | 276 | 83.2 | 52% | 36% | 36% |
| 579 Telegraph | 0.2% | 0.2% | 53 | 1.6 | 38% | 36% | 35% |
| 586 Electric light and power | 0.0% | 0.3% | 104 | 17.2 | 47% | 37% | 37% |
| 587 Gas and steam supply systems | 0.0% | 0.2% | 65 | 6.4 | 47% | 46% | 46% |
| 588–598 Misc. utilities | 0.0% | 0.2% | 65 | 6.7 | 47% | 49% | 50% |
| WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE | 9.4% | 12.1% | 3,216 | 1.5 | 49% | 49% | 49% |
| Wholesale | 1.4% | 2.1% | 615 | 2.0 | 38% | 45% | 47% |
| Retail | 8.0% | 10.0% | 2,601 | 1.5 | 51% | 50% | 50% |
| PRODUCER SERVICES | 1.6% | 4.1% | 1,367 | 3.8 | 32% | 43% | 45% |
| 716 Banking and credit | 0.1% | 0.7% | 261 | 8.1 | 25% | 37% | 38% |
| 726 Security and commodity brokerage and invest companies | 0.1% | 0.2% | 67 | 2.5 | 27% | 42% | 47% |
| 736 Insurance | 0.1% | 0.6% | 234 | 11.7 | 22% | 40% | 41% |
| 746 Real estate | 0.1% | 0.6% | 209 | 10.3 | 28% | 43% | 44% |
| 806 Advertising | 0.0% | 0.1% | 25 | 40.7 | 20% | 50% | 51% |
| 807 Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services | 0.3% | 0.3% | 39 | 0.5 | 41% | 49% | 61% |
| 808 Misc business services | 0.4% | 1.1% | 379 | 4.8 | 42% | 52% | 53% |
| 808 Misc business services | 0.4% | 1.1% | 379 | 4.8 | 42% | 52% | 53% |
| 879 Legal services | 0.4% | 0.4% | 79 | 1.0 | 21% | 35% | 46% |
| 898 Engineering and architectural services | 0.1% | 0.2% | 69 | 3.8 | 34% | 37% | 38% |
| 0.0 | |||||||
| PERSONAL SERVICES | 11.5% | 9.5% | 1,763 | 0.7 | 43% | 39% | 34% |
| 816 Auto repair services and garages | 0.0% | 0.8% | 342 | - - | - - | 32% | 32.3% |
| 817 Misc repair services | 1.3% | 0.6% | −7 | 0.0 | 47% | 42% | 188% |
| 826 Private households | 7.3% | 4.3% | 403 | 0.2 | 41% | 34% | 14% |
| 836 Hotels and lodging places | 0.6% | 1.3% | 406 | 3.3 | 41% | 43% | 43% |
| 846 Laundering, cleaning, and dyeing | 0.3% | 0.5% | 145 | 2.0 | 53% | 46% | 43% |
| 847 Dressmaking shops | 1.3% | 0.6% | 5 | 0.0 | 50% | 44% | −243% |
| 848 Shoe repair shops | 0.0% | 0.2% | 73 | 17.9 | 45% | 72% | 73% |
| 849 Misc personal services | 0.4% | 0.7% | 225 | 2.4 | 49% | 42% | 40% |
| 857 Theaters and motion pictures | 0.0% | 0.3% | 114 | 928.3 | 100% | 43% | 43% |
| 858 Bowling alleys, and billiard and pool parlors | 0.0% | 0.1% | 34 | 17.1 | 44% | 45% | 45% |
| 859 Misc entertainment and recreation services | 0.3% | 0.2% | 24 | 0.4 | 48% | 50% | 54% |
| SOCIAL SERVICES | 3.2% | 6.9% | 2,205 | 3.1 | 27% | 36% | 38% |
| 868 Medical and other health services, excpt hospitals | 0.6% | 0.8% | 212 | 1.6 | 18% | 36% | 45% |
| 869 Hospitals | 0.0% | 0.4% | 167 | 90.6 | 60% | 46% | 46% |
| 888 Educational services | 1.3% | 2.4% | 739 | 2.5 | 24% | 30% | 32% |
| 896 Welfare and religious services | 0.4% | 0.5% | 127 | 1.3 | 37% | 42% | 45% |
| 897 Nonprofit membership organizs. | 0.0% | 0.1% | 38 | 25.6 | 25% | 39% | 39% |
| 899 Misc professional and related | 0.1% | 0.1% | 23 | 1.7 | 34% | 48% | 55% |
| 906 Postal service | 0.1% | 0.5% | 192 | 6.1 | 23% | 32% | 33% |
| 916 Federal public administration | 0.2% | 0.9% | 318 | 5.9 | 44% | 33% | 31% |
| 926 State public administration | 0.0% | 0.1% | 26 | 4.5 | 35% | 34% | 34% |
| 936 Local public administration | 0.4% | 1.1% | 364 | 4.6 | 34% | 46% | 49% |
| Total Work Force (Gainful Workers) | 100% | 100% | 22,371 | 1.0 | 34% | 40% | 45% |
| Census Count (from PUMS) | 18,147,884 | 40,518,636 | |||||
Sources: 1880 and 1920 PUMS from Ruggles et al. (2004)
Notes: Gainful workers in 1880 not reporting an industry (codes 997/998) are disributed prorata by the industry of their reported occupation.
(1). Percentage by Major and Selected Industrial Sectors of Employment of 1880 Total Labor Force.
(2). Percentage by Major and Selected Industrial Sectors of Employment of 1920 Total Labor Force.
(3). Change (in thousands) in Absolute Number of Workers, by Industrial Sector from 1880 to 1920.
(4). Ratio of the Pecent Change from 1880 to 1920 of Each Industrial Sector to the Percent Change of the Total Work Force from 1880 to 1920 (123%).
(5). Percent Immigrant (first and second generation) of Workers, by Industrial Sector in 1880
(6). Percent Immigrant (first and second generation) of Workers, by Industrial Sector in 1920
(7). Ratio of the Change in the Absolute Number of Immigrants (first and second generation) to the Absolute Change of Workers in Each Industry from 1880 to 1920.