Table 2.
Estimation of the Composition of the 1920 Industrial Structure by Immigraton Generation Based on Assumptions of Generational Replacement from 1880 to 1920
| Expected Workforce in 1920 |
SHIFT (Actual -Expected) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACTUAL 1920 WORKFORCE (in thousands) | 4th + Gen | 3rd Gen | 4th + Gen | 3rd Gen | SHARE OF 1920 LABOR FORCE FROM: | |||||||
| Immigrant Generation | Based on 1880: | Based on 1880: | From 1920 | From1880 2nd Gen | Total | |||||||
| Total | 3rd + | 2nd | 1st | 3+ Gen | 2nd Gen | 3+ Gen | 2nd Gen | 1st & 2nd | Expected | Shift | Imm. Share | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
| (r * 1880 3rd +) | (r * 1880 2nd) | (3+4)/(1) | (6/1) | (8/1) | (9+10+11) | |||||||
| AGRICULTURE | 10,235 | 7,897 | 1,373 | 967 | 11,667 | 1,167 | −4,488 | −449 | 23% | 11% | −4% | 30% |
| MINING | 1,270 | 668 | 192 | 410 | 189 | 83 | 275 | 121 | 47% | 7% | 10% | 64% |
| 206 Metal mining | 181 | 62 | 34 | 85 | 20 | 5 | 30 | 7 | 66% | 3% | 4% | 72% |
| 216 Coal mining | 834 | 414 | 130 | 291 | 56 | 28 | 221 | 109 | 50% | 3% | 13% | 67% |
| 226 Crude petroleum and natural gas extraction | 145 | 126 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 92 | 24 | 13% | 2% | 16% | 31% |
| 236 Nonmettalic mining and quarrying, except fuel | 110 | 66 | 16 | 28 | 104 | 49 | −59 | −28 | 40% | 44% | −25% | 59% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| 246 CONSTRUCTION | 1,942 | 1,077 | 394 | 471 | 778 | 185 | 92 | 22 | 45% | 10% | 1% | 55% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| MANUFACTURING | 10,039 | 4,724 | 2,451 | 2,863 | 1,793 | 971 | 1,272 | 689 | 53% | 10% | 7% | 69% |
| Wood and Mineral Products | 1,288 | 809 | 203 | 276 | 390 | 141 | 205 | 74 | 37% | 11% | 6% | 54% |
| Metals (Steel and Iron) | 1,509 | 647 | 326 | 536 | 164 | 115 | 217 | 151 | 57% | 8% | 10% | 75% |
| 336 Blast furnaces, steel works, & rolling mills | 570 | 252 | 99 | 219 | 62 | 43 | 86 | 60 | 56% | 8% | 11% | 74% |
| 337 Other primary iron and steel industries | 310 | 133 | 61 | 116 | 18 | 13 | 60 | 42 | 57% | 4% | 14% | 75% |
| 338 Primary nonferrous industries | 142 | 53 | 28 | 60 | 20 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 62% | 9% | 6% | 77% |
| 346 Fabricated steel products | 386 | 170 | 105 | 110 | 49 | 39 | 46 | 36 | 56% | 10% | 9% | 75% |
| 347 Fabricated nonferrous metal products | 42 | 17 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 58% | 2% | 21% | 82% |
| 348 Not specified metal industries | 59 | 22 | 17 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 63% | 11% | 0% | 75% |
| Machinery | 2,007 | 921 | 554 | 531 | 119 | 45 | 548 | 209 | 54% | 2% | 10% | 67% |
| 356 Agricultural machinery and tractors | 57 | 28 | 13 | 16 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 51% | 14% | 7% | 72% |
| 357 Office and store machines | 39 | 22 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 43% | 0% | 0% | 43% |
| 358 Misc machinery | 626 | 260 | 190 | 176 | 12 | 8 | 145 | 95 | 58% | 1% | 15% | 75% |
| 367 Electrical machinery, equipment and supplies | 244 | 112 | 81 | 50 | 1 | 1 | 56 | 55 | 54% | 0% | 23% | 77% |
| 376 Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment | 487 | 225 | 125 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 225 | 0 | 54% | 0% | 0% | 54% |
| 378 Ship and boat building and repairing | 391 | 193 | 98 | 100 | 3 | 1 | 142 | 47 | 51% | 0% | 12% | 63% |
| 379 Railroad and misc transportation equipment | 158 | 78 | 35 | 45 | 91 | 28 | −32 | −10 | 51% | 18% | −6% | 62% |
| Food & Tobacco | 1,007 | 504 | 224 | 278 | 199 | 93 | 144 | 68 | 50% | 9% | 7% | 66% |
| Textiles/Footwear/Leather | 1,933 | 738 | 509 | 686 | 407 | 312 | 10 | 8 | 62% | 16% | 0% | 78% |
| 436 Knitting mills | 130 | 66 | 37 | 27 | 7 | 5 | 31 | 23 | 49% | 4% | 18% | 71% |
| 437 Dyeing and finishing textiles, except knit goods | 47 | 15 | 13 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 67% | 5% | 10% | 83% |
| 438 Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings | 34 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 5 | 8 | −1 | −2 | 71% | 25% | −6% | 89% |
| 439 Yarn, thread, and fabric | 792 | 334 | 193 | 265 | 138 | 163 | 15 | 18 | 58% | 21% | 2% | 81% |
| 446 Misc textile mill products | 63 | 20 | 18 | 26 | 20 | 15 | −8 | −6 | 68% | 23% | −10% | 82% |
| 448 Apparel and accessories | 451 | 123 | 121 | 207 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 73% | 7% | 8% | 87% |
| 449 Misc fabricated textile products | 35 | 10 | 10 | 14 | 11 | 5 | −4 | −2 | 71% | 15% | −6% | 80% |
| 487 Leather: tanned, curried, and finished | 82 | 31 | 19 | 32 | 52 | 22 | −30 | −12 | 62% | 27% | −15% | 73% |
| 488 Footwear, except rubber | 260 | 113 | 77 | 70 | 130 | 52 | −49 | −20 | 56% | 20% | −8% | 69% |
| 489 Leather products, except footwear | 39 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 7 | −4 | −2 | 62% | 19% | −6% | 75% |
| Paper and Printing | 628 | 318 | 199 | 111 | 121 | 84 | 67 | 47 | 49% | 13% | 7% | 70% |
| Chemical/Petro/Rubber | 632 | 341 | 134 | 157 | 30 | 17 | 185 | 108 | 46% | 3% | 17% | 66% |
| Miscellenous | 1,035 | 446 | 302 | 288 | 363 | 163 | −56 | −25 | 57% | 16% | −2% | 70% |
| TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND UTILITIES | 3,825 | 2,300 | 833 | 692 | 1,228 | 305 | 614 | 153 | 40% | 8% | 4% | 52% |
| 506 Railroads and railway | 2,047 | 1,280 | 403 | 365 | 698 | 153 | 352 | 77 | 38% | 7% | 4% | 49% |
| 516 Street railways and bus lines | 223 | 123 | 49 | 51 | 16 | 8 | 67 | 33 | 45% | 3% | 15% | 63% |
| 526 Trucking service | 428 | 261 | 108 | 59 | 176 | 62 | 17 | 6 | 39% | 14% | 1% | 55% |
| 527 Warehousing and storage | 57 | 34 | 14 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 20 | 3 | 41% | 2% | 5% | 48% |
| 536 Taxicab service | 80 | 46 | 21 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 27 | 11 | 43% | 3% | 13% | 59% |
| 546 Water transportation | 255 | 118 | 45 | 92 | 136 | 33 | −41 | −10 | 54% | 13% | −4% | 63% |
| 556–568 Misc transportation | 120 | 64 | 26 | 30 | 138 | 28 | −84 | −17 | 46% | 23% | −14% | 55% |
| 578 Telephone | 279 | 178 | 85 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 83 | 90 | 36% | 1% | 32% | 69% |
| 579 Telegraph | 81 | 51 | 22 | 7 | 29 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 36% | 14% | 4% | 54% |
| 586 Electric light and power | 109 | 68 | 27 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 46 | 16 | 37% | 1% | 15% | 54% |
| 587 Gas and steam supply systems | 74 | 40 | 17 | 17 | 7 | 2 | 24 | 6 | 46% | 3% | 8% | 57% |
| 588–598 Misc. utilities | 73 | 37 | 16 | 20 | 7 | 2 | 22 | 6 | 49% | 3% | 9% | 61% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE | 4,919 | 2,493 | 1,223 | 1,202 | 1,456 | 538 | 364 | 135 | 49% | 11% | 3% | 63% |
| Wholesale | 870 | 481 | 228 | 160 | 265 | 54 | 135 | 28 | 45% | 6% | 3% | 54% |
| Retail | 4,050 | 2,012 | 995 | 1,043 | 1,191 | 484 | 240 | 97 | 50% | 12% | 2% | 65% |
| PRODUCER SERVICES | 1,657 | 942 | 494 | 221 | 333 | 77 | 432 | 100 | 43% | 5% | 6% | 54% |
| 716 Banking and credit | 287 | 181 | 83 | 23 | 33 | 6 | 121 | 21 | 37% | 2% | 7% | 46% |
| 726 Security and commodity brokerage and invest companies | 89 | 51 | 29 | 9 | 27 | 4 | 18 | 3 | 42% | 4% | 3% | 49% |
| 736 Insurance | 250 | 150 | 70 | 29 | 21 | 3 | 112 | 14 | 40% | 1% | 6% | 47% |
| 746 Real estate | 226 | 129 | 50 | 47 | 20 | 4 | 88 | 17 | 43% | 2% | 7% | 52% |
| 806 Advertising | 26 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 50% | 0% | 0% | 50% |
| 807 Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services | 102 | 52 | 37 | 13 | 63 | 24 | −25 | −9 | 49% | 23% | −9% | 63% |
| 808 Misc business services | 443 | 214 | 154 | 74 | 62 | 19 | 102 | 31 | 52% | 4% | 7% | 63% |
| 879 Legal services | 145 | 95 | 40 | 11 | 88 | 15 | −7 | −1 | 35% | 10% | −1% | 44% |
| 898 Engineering and architectural services | 84 | 53 | 20 | 11 | 17 | 4 | 27 | 6 | 37% | 4% | 7% | 48% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| PERSONAL SERVICES | 3,851 | 2,350 | 678 | 823 | 2,001 | 628 | −213 | −67 | 39% | 16% | −2% | 54% |
| 816 Auto repair services and garages | 342 | 232 | 77 | 33 | 32% | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| 817 Misc repair services | 224 | 130 | 46 | 48 | 208 | 65 | −109 | −34 | 42% | 29% | −15% | 56% |
| 826 Private households | 1,728 | 1,135 | 244 | 350 | 1,331 | 360 | −438 | −118 | 34% | 21% | −7% | 48% |
| 836 Hotels and lodging places | 507 | 291 | 91 | 125 | 100 | 20 | 143 | 28 | 43% | 4% | 6% | 52% |
| 846 Laundering, cleaning, and dyeing | 204 | 111 | 43 | 51 | 47 | 12 | 41 | 11 | 46% | 6% | 5% | 57% |
| 847 Dressmaking shops | 242 | 135 | 65 | 43 | 200 | 125 | −117 | −73 | 44% | 52% | −30% | 66% |
| 848 Shoe repair shops | 76 | 22 | 5 | 49 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 5 | 72% | 2% | 7% | 80% |
| 849 Misc personal services | 300 | 173 | 51 | 76 | 65 | 26 | 58 | 23 | 42% | 9% | 8% | 59% |
| 857 Theaters and motion pictures | 115 | 65 | 28 | 21 | 43% | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| 858 Bowling alleys, and billiard and pool parlors | 35 | 20 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 5 | 45% | 2% | 15% | 62% |
| 859 Misc entertainment and recreation services | 77 | 39 | 20 | 19 | 47 | 18 | −19 | −7 | 50% | 23% | −9% | 64% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| SOCIAL SERVICES | 2,782 | 1,782 | 676 | 324 | 707 | 128 | 803 | 145 | 36% | 5% | 5% | 46% |
| 868 Medical and other health services, except hospitals | 319 | 204 | 73 | 42 | 148 | 13 | 39 | 3 | 36% | 4% | 1% | 41% |
| 869 Hospitals | 169 | 90 | 44 | 34 | 1 | 0 | 67 | 22 | 46% | 0% | 13% | 60% |
| 888 Educational services | 978 | 686 | 226 | 66 | 308 | 64 | 260 | 54 | 30% | 7% | 6% | 42% |
| 896 Welfare and religious services | 206 | 120 | 41 | 46 | 84 | 15 | 18 | 3 | 42% | 7% | 2% | 51% |
| 897 Nonprofit membership organizs. | 39 | 24 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 2 | 39% | 0% | 6% | 45% |
| 899 Misc professional and related | 34 | 18 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 48% | 7% | 1% | 57% |
| 906 Postal service | 217 | 148 | 55 | 14 | 33 | 5 | 96 | 14 | 32% | 2% | 6% | 40% |
| 916 Federal public administration | 362 | 243 | 80 | 39 | 41 | 11 | 151 | 39 | 33% | 3% | 11% | 47% |
| 926 State public administration | 30 | 20 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 34% | 4% | 9% | 46% |
| 936 Local public administration | 429 | 230 | 131 | 68 | 73 | 16 | 116 | 26 | 46% | 4% | 6% | 56% |
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | ||||||||||||
| Total Work Force (Gainful Workers) | 40,519 | 24,232 | 8,314 | 7,973 | 20,150 | 4,082 | 0 | 0 | 40% | 10% | 0% | 50% |
Notes:
(1). The generational compostion of each industrial sector is estimated in two steps:
a) GROWTH: the expected 1920 workers in each industry is assumed to be proportional to the national growth rate appied to the number of 1880 workers in the industry:
-- the 1920 4th and higher generation is assumed to be the descendants of the 1880 3rd and higher generations in that industry
-- the 1920 3rd generation is assumed to be the descendants of the 1880 2nd generation in that industry
b) SHIFT: the difference between the actual 1920 3rd and higher number in each industry and the expected based on assumed GROWTH
-- the estimated SHIFT for the 1920 3rd and higher generations is allocated proportional to the relative size of the 3rd and higher and 2nd generations in 1880.
(2). Columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 are the actual number (in thousands) of gainful workers in each industry, by immigrant generation (3rd & higher, 2nd, and 1st) in 1920.
(3). Columns 5 and 6 are the expected number of gainful workers in each industry in 1920 assuming proportional change from the the 1880 2nd & higher gen in to the 1920 3rd and higher gen
a) Col 5: Expected 1920 gainful workers in each industry from 1880 3rd and higher gen workers = r * 1880 3rd and higher gen workers in the industry
b) Col 6: Expected 1920 gainful workers in each industry from 1880 2nd gen workers = r * 1880 2nd gen workers in the industry
where r = the ratio of total 3rd and higher gen wokers in 1920 to the 1880 total 2nd gen and higher workers
(4). Columns 7 and 8 are the Shift of Workers (Actual - Expected) from 1880 to 1920 in each industry, assuming that the 1920 3rd and higher gen workers “inherit” the industry composition of the 2nd & higher gen workers in 1880. The expected 1920 workers are distributed proportionally to the 1880 generations of 3rd and higher and 2nd.
a) Col 7: The proportional share of the 1920 3rd gen & higher actual workers in each industry minus the expected 1920 “descendants” of the 1880 2nd and higher generation workers
b) Col 8: The proportional share of the 1920 3rd gen and higher actual workers in each industry minus the expected 1920 “descendants” of the 1880 2nd and higher generation workers
Sources: 1880 and 1920 PUMS from Ruggles et al. (2004)