Table 1.

Pre-hospitalization characteristics^*

Variable	All subjects N=2183	Men n=1136	Women n=1047	P value
Demographics
Age, mean (sd)	64.9 (18.0)	64.9 (18.0)	64.9 (18.1)	0.94
Race, white, n (%)	1738 (79.6)	919 (80.9)	819 (78.2)	0.12
Health insurance, n (%)	2056 (94.1)	1053 (92.7)	1003 (95.8)	0.002
Health behaviors
Ever smoked, n (%)	1415 (64.8)	805 (70.9)	610 (58.3)	<0.0001
Years smoked, (mean, sd)	31.1 (16.4)	31.8 (16.2)	30.1 (16.6)	0.06
Charlson comorbidity score>0, n (%)	1481 (67.8)	795 (70.0)	686 (65.5)	0.02
COPD**, n (%)	513 (23.6)	270 (23.8)	243 (23.3)	0.76
Cardiac disease, n (%)	513 (26.5)	331 (32.1)	182 (20.2)	<0.0001
Renal disease, n (%)	51 (2.3)	29 (2.6)	22 (2.1)	0.48
Cirrhosis, n (%)	5 (0.7)	3 (0.8)	2 (0.6)	0.72
Diabetes , n (%)	414 (19.0)	222 (19.5)	192 (18.3)	0.47
Neoplastic disease, n (%)	132 (7.2)	85 (8.7)	47 (5.5)	0.007
AIDS, n (%)	37 (1.7)	26 (2.3)	11 (1.1)	0.02
‘Do not resuscitate’ order prior to admission, n (%)	123 (5.6)	53 (4.7)	70 (6.7)	0.04
Vaccination status
Influenza vaccine in preceding  eight months, n (%)	807 (47.8)	451 (50.3)	356 (45.0)	0.02
Pneumococcal vaccine, n (%)	764 (45.7)	404 (45.7)	360 (45.7)	0.99
Symptoms and therapy prior to hospitalization
Duration (median, mean, IQR)	3, 4.9 (1-5)	3, 5.1 (1-6)	3, 4.7, (1-6)	0.02
Received antibiotics within seven  days, n (%)	370 (17.0)	164 (14.5)	206 (19.7)	0.0010
Hospital characteristics
Teaching hospital n (%)	1200 (55.1)	574 (54.8)	626 (55.3)	0.84
Bed size n (%)
<100 beds	55 (2.5)	23 (2)	3.2 (3.1)	0.28
100-249 beds	952 (43.7)	511 (53.7)	441 (42.1)
250-499	841 (38.6)	432 (38.1)	409 (39.1)
>500	332 (15.2)	165 (15.8)	167 (14.7)

^*Data was missing for fewer than 5% of cohort for most variables

^**COPD — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease