Table 1.
Selected MMP- and TIMP-null mutant phenotypes
| MMP gene | Mutant phenotypes (mouse, unless noted) |
|---|---|
| Mmp2 | Reduced body size152; reduced neovascularization55; decreased primary ductal invasion in the mammary gland54; reduced lung saccular development153 |
| Mmp3 | Altered structure of neuromuscular junctions154; reduced purse stringing during wound healing86; altered secondary branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland54 |
| Mmp7 | Innate immunity defects83; decreased re-epithelialization after lung injury85 |
| Mmp8 | Increased skin tumours104; resistance to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethal hepatitis103 |
| Mmp9 | Bone-development defects36; defective neuronal remyelination after nerve injury155; delayed healing of bone fractures39; impaired vascular remodelling156; impaired angiogenesis36 |
| Mmp10 | Increased inflammation and increased mortality in response to infection or wounding (W. C. Parks, personal communication) |
| Mmp11 | Delayed mammary tumorigenesis157 |
| Mmp12 | Diminished recovery from spinal cord crush158; increased angiogenesis due to decreased angiostatin128 |
| Mmp13 | Bone remodelling defects7, 40; reduced hepatic fibrosis159; increased collagen accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques160 |
| Mmp14 | Skeletal remodelling defects42, 43, 45, 161; angiogenesis defects46; inhibition of tooth eruption and root elongation162; defects in lung and submandibular gland46, 163 |
| Mmp19 | Obesity164 |
| Mmp20 | Defects in tooth enamel165 |
| Mmp23 | No phenotype reported |
| Mmp24 | Abnormal response to sciatic nerve injury166 |
| Mmp28 | Increased inflammatory response (W. C. Parks, personal communication) |
| DmMmp1 | Defective tracheal tube growth (see text)75; failure of head eversion at metamorphosis75 |
| DmMmp2 | Failure of tissue histolysis at metamorphosis75 |
| Timp1 | Accelerated endometrial gland formation167; impaired learning and memory168; accelerated hepatocyte cell-cycle progression169; increased resistance to Pseudomonas infection107 |
| Timp2 | Motor defects170 |
| Timp3 | Accelerated apoptosis in mammary glands171; impaired bronchiole branching172; enhanced metastatic dissemination173 |
| Timp4 | No phenotype reported174 |
| DmTimp | Inflated wings175; autodigesting gut175 |
Dm, Drosophila melanogaster; Mmp, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.