. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 12.

Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Apr–May;27(3):259–269. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.259

Table V.

Estimated Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Postnatal Maternal Functioning on Child Behavior

	Internalizing			Externalizing

Model	Effect estimate	95% CI	p	Effect estimate	95% CI	p
Model 1 (child’s sex and age)^a
Prenatal cocaine use	0.41	−1.66, 2.48	.696	0.79	−1.49, 3.08	.498
Model 2 (child’s sex and age)^b
Recent drug use	1.60	0.17, 3.03	.028	1.76	0.07, 3.45	.041
Model 3 (model 2 with mother’s psychological functioning)^c
Recent drug use	1.13	−0.23, 2.49	.102	1.23	−0.36, 2.82	.129
Psychological distress	0.13	0.07, 0.20	< .001	0.15	0.07, 0.22	< .001
Model 4 (model 3 with prenatal cocaine exp. and covariates; prenatal marijuana exp., child full-scale IQ^d, caregiver changes, mother’s age, education, and employment)^e
Recent drug use	1.15	−0.13, 2.44	.078	1.12	−0.32, 2.56	.126
Psychological distress	0.12	0.06, 0.17	< .001	0.14	0.07, 0.20	< .001

Child’s sex was related to the Internalizing score (p < .05) in Models 1–3. Within Model 4, mother’s age and education level were related to both internalizing and externalizing scores (p < .05).

n = 318.

n = 313.

n = 308.

Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale-Revised (WPPSI-R), as measured at age 5.

n = 295.