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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 13.
Published in final edited form as: Speech Commun. 2009 Apr 1;51(4):369–378. doi: 10.1016/j.specom.2008.11.005

Table 1.

Participants' self-reported language proficiency and language usage.

Self-reported language proficiency

N Speak Read Write Comprehend Total





English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish
Bilingual 15 6.67 5.73 6.60 5.80 6.33 4.93 6.53 5.93 6.53 5.60
SD 0.16 SD 0.32 SD 0.16 SD 0.43 SD 0.21 SD 0.40 SD 0.17 SD 0.27 SD 0.144 SD 0.45
Monolingual 15 7.00 1.80 7.00 2.00 7.00 1.73 7.00 1.87 7.00 1.85
SD 0.00 SD 0.24 SD 0.00 SD 0.31 SD 0.00 SD 0.40 SD 0.00 SD 0.26 SD 0.0 SD 0.11
Self-reported language usage

N With parents With siblings With teachers With classmates With friends Total






English% Spanish% English% Spanish% English% Spanish% English% Spanish% English% Spanish% English% Spanish%
Bilingual 15 26 74 59 41 89 11 85 15 74 26 60 40
Monolingual 15 99 1 100 0 100 0 100 1 99 1 99 1