Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases (n=1600) | Controls (n=1949) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years)* | 64.9 ± 9.8 | 65.0 ± 10.1 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 895 (55.9) | 1036 (53.2) |
| Female | 705 (44.1) | 913 (46.8) |
| Race | ||
| White, not Hispanic | 1461 (91.4) | 1814 (93.1) |
| Hispanic | 62 (3.9) | 78 (4.0) |
| African American | 72 (4.5) | 53 (2.7) |
| Other | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) |
| Study center | ||
| Kaiser | 769 (48.1) | 804 (41.3) |
| Utah | 578 (36.1) | 796 (40.8) |
| Minnesota | 253 (15.8) | 349 (17.9) |
| Education | ||
| Less than 12 years | 262 (16.4) | 249 (12.8) |
| High school graduate | 451 (28.2) | 545 (28.0) |
| Some college or post-high school | 530 (33.1) | 634 (32.6) |
| College graduate or higher | 357 (22.3) | 520 (26.7) |
| Income | ||
| <$20,000 | 401 (27.0) | 455 (24.8) |
| $20,000–40,000 | 533 (35.9) | 627 (34.2) |
| $40,000–$60,000 | 348 (23.4) | 438 (23.9) |
| $60,000 + | 203 (13.7) | 313 (17.1) |
| Mean UV-weighted hours of sun exposure (UV index hours/week) | 85.8 ± 70.9 | 87.4 ± 68.7 |
| Mean total vitamin D (μg/day)† | 10.6 ± 6.0 | 11.1 ± 6.2 |
| Multivitamin supplement use‡ | 520 (32.5) | 654 (33.6) |
| Vitamin D supplement use‡ | 25 (1.6) | 53 (2.7) |
| Tumor site | ||
| Distal | 790 (49.4) | - |
| Proximal | 771 (48.2) | - |
| Unknown | 39 (2.4) | - |
Continuous variables are displayed as mean values ± standard deviation and frequencies are displayed as counts (percentage).
*
Defined as age at diagnosis for cases and age at recruitment for controls.
†
Energy adjusted (residual method) dietary intake.
‡
Supplement use defined as regular use (at least three times a week for at least one month) over the referent period.