Table 3.
Crude and Adjusted Association Between Asthma and Suicidal Ideation Without Suicide Attempts Among US Adults 18 Years and Oldera
| Suicidal ideation without attempts (yes vs no) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthmab | 1.09 (0.81–1.45) | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 0.93 (0.68–1.25) | 0.90 (0.68–1.25) |
| Age group, y | |||||
| 18–24 | NA | 1.30 (0.99–1.72) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) | 1.44 (1.07–1.93) |
| 25–44 | NA | 1.07 (0.85–1.33) | 1.05 (0.85–1.33) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30) | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) |
| 45–64 | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| ≥65 | NA | 0.38 (0.27–0.54) | 0.40 (0.28–0.57) | 0.51 (0.35–0.73) | 0.52 (0.36–0.74) |
| Female sex | NA | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 1.35 (1.11–1.63) | 1.31 (1.06–1.60) | 1.31 (1.07–1.93) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Black | NA | 0.58 (0.41–0.84) | 0.60 (0.42–0.87) | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) | 0.63 (0.43–0.91) |
| Hispanic | NA | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) |
| Other | NA | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 1.02 (0.62–1.67) | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | NA | NA | 1 (Reference) | NA | 1 (Reference) |
| Current smoker | NA | NA | 1.52 (1.21–1.91) | NA | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) |
| Former smoker | NA | NA | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | NA | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) |
| Lifetime nicotine dependence (yes) | NA | NA | 1.72 (1.26–2.36) | NA | 1.24 (0.89–1.73) |
| Lifetime major depression (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 3.67 (2.96–4.54) | 3.62 (2.92–4.48) |
| Lifetime panic disorder (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 2.13 (1.47–3.09) | 2.08 (1.44–3.02) |
| Lifetime alcohol abuse (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 2.48 (1.93–3.18) | 2.25 (1.73–2.93) |
| −2 Log likelihoodc | 3,112.99 (1) | 3,048.88 (8) | 3,017.63 (11) | 2,824.00 (11) | 2,817.95 (14) |
Abbreviation: NA, data not applicable.
Data are given as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The data source was the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Model 1 was unadjusted; 2, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; 3, additionally adjusted for smoking and nicotine dependence; 4, additionally adjusted for depression, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence or abuse; and 5, additionally adjusted for sociodemographic, smoking, and mental health factors.
When panic attacks and generalized anxiety were included in model 5 instead of panic disorder, the risk estimates for asthma on suicide attempt were as follows: odds ratio, 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.22) and 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.21), respectively.
Degrees of freedom are given in parentheses.