Table 4.
Crude and Adjusted Association Between Asthma and Suicidal Ideation With Suicide Attempts Among US Adults 18 Years and Oldera
| Suicidal ideation with attempts (yes vs no) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthmab | 1.98 (1.42–2.76) | 1.86 (1.32–2.61) | 1.56 (1.09–2.11) | 1.63 (1.13–2.34) | 1.53 (1.06–2.21) |
| Age group, y | |||||
| 18–24 | NA | 1.71 (1.17–2.52) | 1.79 (1.21–2.67) | 1.91 (1.27–2.87) | 1.96 (1.29–2.97) |
| 25–44 | NA | 1.48 (1.08–2.03) | 1.44 (1.04–1.99) | 1.39 (0.99–1.93) | 1.37 (0.98–1.92) |
| 45–64 | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| ≥65 | NA | 0.17 (0.08–0.37) | 0.19 (0.09–0.41) | 0.27 (0.12–0.59) | 0.28 (0.13–0.61) |
| Female sex | NA | 2.70 (1.56–2.76) | 2.22 (1.67–2.96) | 2.25 (1.66–3.07) | 2.26 (1.65–2.97) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | NA | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Black | NA | 1.08 (0.72–1.61) | 1.23 (0.81–1.85) | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | 1.30 (0.84–1.99) |
| Hispanic | NA | 0.65 (0.41–1.02) | 0.78 (0.49–1.23) | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | 0.90 (0.56–1.45) |
| Other | NA | 1.25 (0.68–2.29) | 1.23 (0.66–2.29) | 1.19 (0.62–2.29) | 1.15 (0.59–2.24) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | NA | NA | 1 (Reference) | NA | 1 (Reference) |
| Current smoker | NA | NA | 2.91 (2.10–4.04) | NA | 2.04 (1.44–2.90) |
| Former smoker | NA | NA | 1.63 (1.10–2.42) | NA | 1.36 (0.90–2.05) |
| Lifetime nicotine dependence (yes) | NA | NA | 2.43 (1.68–3.51) | NA | 1.60 (1.07–2.37) |
| Lifetime major depression (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 3.84 (2.86–5.15) | 3.63 (2.69–4.88) |
| Lifetime panic disorder (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 3.42 (2.26–5.16) | 3.24 (2.14–4.91) |
| Lifetime alcohol abuse (yes) | NA | NA | NA | 4.08 (2.96–5.62) | 3.04 (2.17–4.27) |
| −2 Log likelihoodc | 1,816.47 (1) | 1,723.19 (8) | 1,636.65 (11) | 1,505.01 (11) | 1,477.66 (14) |
Abbreviation: NA, data not applicable.
Data are given as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The data source was the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Model 1 was unadjusted; 2, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; 3, additionally adjusted for smoking and nicotine dependence; 4, additionally adjusted for depression, panic disorder, and alcohol dependence or abuse; and 5, additionally adjusted for sociodemographic, smoking, and mental health factors.
When panic attacks and generalized anxiety were included in model 5 instead of panic disorder, the risk estimates for asthma on suicide attempt were as follows: odds ratio, 1.52 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.19) and 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.14), respectively.
Degrees of freedom are given in parentheses.