Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients in the two groups (mean ± SD)
| Epinephrine injection group (n = 26) | Combination therapy group (n = 33) | P value | |
| Age (yr) | 60.6 ± 18.1 | 56.1 ± 14.2 | 0.30 |
| Gender (Male/Female) | 14/12 | 20/13 | 0.60 |
| Indications | 0.48 | ||
| Choledocholithiasis | 22 | 24 | |
| Malignant obstruction | 2 | 3 | |
| Others | 2 | 6 | |
| Possible bleeding risk factors | |||
| Coagulopathy1 | 6 | 7 | 0.86 |
| Bile duct stones | 22 | 24 | 0.27 |
| Precut sphincterotomy | 1 | 6 | 0.12 |
| Periampullary diverticulum | 4 | 4 | 0.72 |
| Bleeding during ES2 | 11 | 15 | 0.81 |
| Cholangitis before procedure | 11 | 16 | 0.64 |
1
Coagulopathy including: prolonged prothrombin time > 3 s of the control value; Platelet count < 80 000/μL; end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis;
2
All post-ES bleeding occurred during ERCP and required endoscopic hemostasis. ES: Endoscopic sphincterotomy.