TABLE 2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) weight percentiles and anthropometric and metabolic measures in children of women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at follow-up1
| NGT (n = 52) | GDM (n = 37) | P value2 | |
| CDC weight percentile | 60.9 ± 26.43 | 64.1 ± 32.9 | 0.61 |
| Age (y) | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 0.35 |
| Male/female sex (n) | 22/30 | 15/22 | 0.87 |
| Race (n) | 0.04 | ||
| White | 51 | 30 | |
| African American | 0 | 3 | |
| Hispanic | 1 | 3 | |
| Asian | 0 | 1 | |
| Weight (kg) | 32.0 ± 8.7 | 33.5 ± 12.2 | 0.50 |
| Height (cm) | 134.6 ± 12.2 | 130.8 ± 13.6 | 0.17 |
| BMI z score (%) | 57.2 ± 33.0 | 68.6 ± 30.6 | 0.10 |
| BMI z score | 0.31 ± 1.16 | 0.90 ± 1.40 | 0.03 |
| Activity (h)4 | 291 ± 196 | 266 ± 286 | 0.74 |
| Inactivity (h)5 | 556 ± 208 | 696 ± 419 | 0.15 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1880 ± 521 | 1830 ± 648 | 0.70 |
| Protein intake (g) | 63 ± 20 | 62 ± 23 | 0.74 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 247 ± 62 | 250 ± 81 | 0.86 |
| Fat intake (g) | 74 ± 29 | 68 ± 31 | 0.38 |
| Waist circumference (mm) | 60.2 ± 8.7 | 62.1 ± 10.5 | 0.36 |
| Thigh circumference (mm) | 42.2 ± 7.2 | 43.9 ± 8.6 | 0.31 |
| Waist:thigh ratio | 1.45 ± 0.26 | 1.43 ± 0.12 | 0.59 |
| Sum of 7 skinfold thicknesses (mm) | 73.8 ± 33.9 | 85.1 ± 41.8 | 0.17 |
| Skinfold thickness ratio | 0.828 ± 0.264 | 0.938 ± 0.363 | 0.13 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 108 ± 12 | 110 ± 11 | 0.64 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 60 ± 8 | 58 ± 7 | 0.23 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L)6 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 0.77 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L)7 | 52 ± 25 | 69 ± 42 | 0.09 |
| HOMA-IR7 | 1.89 ± 0.93 | 2.55 ± 1.58 | 0.08 |
| Fasting FFA (g/L)8 | 0.202 ± 0.045 | 0.235 ± 0.082 | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L)8 | 4.17 ± 0.62 | 3.86 ± 0.49 | 0.08 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)8 | 0.80 ± 0.35 | 0.84 ± 0.69 | 0.88 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)8 | 1.22 ± 0.26 | 1.22 ± 0.26 | 0.93 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)9 | 2.69 ± 0.49 | 2.38 ± 0.54 | 0.06 |
| Leptin (ng/mL)6 | 6.4 ± 5.4 | 8.6 ± 7.6 | 0.25 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)6 | 6.7 ± 7.2 | 7.5 ± 7.0 | 0.70 |
1
BP, blood pressure; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; FFA, free fatty acid.
2
Data were analyzed by using Student's t, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests.
3
Mean ± SD (all such values).
4–9
For combined NGT and GDM groups: 4n = 45, 5n = 44, 6n = 49, 7n = 47, 8n = 40, 9n = 39.