Table 1.

Demographics and clinical characteristics (n=335)

Demographic and clinical data	Delirious (N=185)	Non-Delirious (N=150)	P-value
Age (mean ± SD)	74.13± 6.36	72.82± 5.87	0.053
Gender			0.0046
Female	115	70
Male	70	80
Race			0.38
White	158	133
Non-White	27	17
Education			0.24
High school graduate or incomplete	56	37
Incomplete college or above	121	107
History of central nervous system disorders			0.77
None	94	78
Yes	90	70
Daily Alcohol Intake			0.29
None	89	62
Yes	93	82
Independent in performing 5 ADLs			0.12
No	45	26
Yes	140	124
Independent in performing 7 IADLs			0.15
No	91	62
Yes	94	88
Geriatric depression score (mean ± SD)	3.33±2.97	2.62±2.53	0.023
TICS SCORES (mean ± SD)	31.47±4.33	32.63±3.77	0.016
Types of Surgery			0.90
Spine/Knee/Hip	128	107
Abdominal/Thoracic	34	25
Peripheral/others	23	18
Surgical Risk			0.030
Low	3	3
Intermediate	139	129
High	43	18
Number of co-existent medical conditions			0.15
0	32	33
1	63	37
≥2	90	80
ASA Classification			0.44
1&2	92	81
≥3	93	69
Preoperative opioids			0.12
No	114	104
Yes	71	45
Anesthesia type
General	165	130	0.58
Regional	20	19

Delirious refers to patients with delirium on either postoperative day 1 or 2

Surgical risk was estimated using the guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association update for the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery, which takes into consideration the type and duration of surgery, and intraoperative blood loss, see text for citation

ADL = activities of daily living

ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists

IADL = independent activities of daily living

TICS = telephone interview of cognitive status, a cognitive assessment tool modified from the Mini Mental Status Examination, which can be used in person or over the telephone