Table 2.
Association of 13 Baseline TTE Variables With Hospital Stays for HF During 4.4 Years of Follow-Up
| Variable* | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVESVI | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | <0.0001 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.44 |
| Aortic valve area* | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 0.0003 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.15 |
| MR | ||||
| None to trace | reference | |||
| Mild | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 0.05 |
| Moderate or severe | 10.2 (4.4–23.5) | <0.0001 | 2.2 (0.4–13.1) | 0.38 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | ||||
| None to trace | reference | |||
| Mild | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | 0.02 | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.70 |
| Moderate or severe | 6.4 (2.6–15.8) | <0.0001 | 0.3 (0.04–2.5) | 0.28 |
| Right atrial pressure | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <0.0001 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.11 |
| Left atrial volume index | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 0.01 |
| LVMI | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.0001 |
| Wall motion score index | 1.5 (1.3–1.6) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.57 |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | <0.0001 | 0.9 (0.7–1.5) | 0.57 |
| LVEF* | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.99 |
| VTILVOT* | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | <0.0001 | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 0.05 |
| Right atrial volume index | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | <0.0001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.46 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | ||||
| Normal | reference | reference | ||
| Impaired relaxation | 2.2 (1.4–3.5) | 0.0003 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.22 |
| Pseudonormal or restrictive | 5.5 (3.1–9.7) | <0.0001 | 2.3 (1.1–5.0) | 0.04 |
*
Entered per standard deviation decrease; all other continuous variables entered per standard deviation increase.
†
Adjusted for age plus all other candidate variables.
CI = confidence interval; HF = heart failure; HR = hazard ratio; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI = left ventricle end-systolic volume index; LVMI = left ventricular mass index; MR = mitral regurgitation; TTE = transthoracic echocardiographic; VTILVOT = left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral.