Table 2.

Role of PPARβ/δ on cell proliferation and apoptosis in somatic cells

Cell type	Effect	Reference
Bovine endothelial cells	50 –100 μM ciprostene (prostacyclin analog) inhibits cell proliferation	[62]
Mouse primary endothelial cells	Increased cell proliferation in Pparβ/δ-null endothelial cells as compared to wild-type	[63]
Human primary endothelial cells	100 μM carbaprostacyclin or 50 μM L165041 has no effect on annexin V-positive cells or caspase 3 activity	[64]
Human endothelial cells and a human endothelial cell line (EAHy926)	0.1 μM GW501516 causes an increase in cell proliferation after 72 hours	[65]
Human primary endothelial cells	0.01 – 0.1 μM GW501516 causes an increase in cell proliferation after 14 days	[66]
Human primary endothelial progenitor cells	0.1 – 1.0 μM GW501516 causes an increase in cell proliferation after 8 days	[67]
Human primary endothelial cells	1 – 100 μM carbaprostacyclin and 10-50 μM L165041 decrease H2O2-induced apoptosis	[64, 68]
Human primary endothelial progenitor cells	0.1 – 1 μM GW501516 decrease hypoxia-induced apoptosis	[67]
Rat vascular smooth muscle cells	1.0 μM iloprost (prostacyclin analog) inhibits cell proliferation	[71]
Rat vascular smooth muscle cells	Overexpression of prostacyclin synthase inhibits cell proliferation	[70]
Bovine vascular smooth muscle cells	3 –100 μM ciprostene (prostacyclin analog) inhibits cell proliferation	[62]
Human vascular smooth muscle cells	0.1 – 10 μM prostacyclin analogs (iloprost, cicaprost, UT-15) inhibits cell proliferation	[69]
Rat vascular smooth muscle cells	1.0 μM beraprost (prostacyclin analog) inhibits cell proliferation; mediated by PPARβ/δ	[73]
Rat vascular smooth muscle cells	5 – 10 μM L165041 inhibits PDGF-induced cell proliferation inhibits cell proliferation	[72]
Mouse primary hepatocytes	TNFα-induced incorporation of BrdU is enhanced in Pparβ/δ-null hepatocytes as compared to wild-type	[19]
Rat primary stellate cells	10 μM L165041 increase cell proliferation	[74]
Mouse primary stellate cells	Increased cell proliferation in Pparβ/δ-null stellate cells as compared to wild-type	[19]
Human lung fibroblasts	0.1 – 10 μM treprostinil (prostacyclin analog) and 0.1 – 100 μM GW0742 inhibit cell proliferation	[75]
Mouse lung fibroblasts	100 μM treprostinil (prostacyclin analog) inhibits cell proliferation; effect not found in Pparβ/δ-null fibroblasts	[75]
Rat cardiac fibroblasts	10 μM GW501516 inhibits cell proliferation	[76]
Rat cardiac fibroblasts	10 μM GW501516 inhibits cell proliferation	[77]
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts	Overexpression of PPARβ/δ increases cell proliferation	[78]
Human proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2)	0.2 – 1.0 μM L165041 decrease H2O2-induced apoptosis	[79]
Human embryonic kidney epithelial cell line (HEK-293)	Increased intracellular prostacyclin increases apoptosis; mediated by PPARβ/δ	[81]
Mouse inner medullary collecting duct cell line (IMCD-K2)	10 μM GW501516 inhibits cell proliferation; 0.01 – 1.0 μM GW501516 has no effect on anisomycin-induced apoptosis	[82]