TABLE 1.
Historical and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Strabismus (N = 407) and Control Subjects (N = 407)
| Characteristic | Esotropia (N = 266) |
Exotropia (N= 141) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | P | Case | Control | P | |
| Male, n (%) | 146 (55) | 146 (55) | 1.00 | 59 (41.8) | 59 (41.8) | 1.00 |
| Prematurity, n/N (%)a | 12/78 (15.4) | 16/226 (7.1) | .04 | 4/83 (4.8) | 8/118 (6.8) | .76 |
| Birth weight, median (range), g | 3500 (1030–4850) | 3460 (1230–5160) | .99 | 3330 (955–4540) | 3430 (1210–4650) | .34 |
| White, n/N (%) | 243/249 (97.6) | 240/243 (98.8) | .50 | 118/127(92.9) | 132/137 (96.4) | .28 |
| Difficulty with pregnancy, n/N (%)b | 80/122 (65.6) | 137/265 (51.7) | .01 | 78/131 (59.5) | 70/138 (50.7] | .18 |
| Family history of psychiatric disease, n/N (%) | 45/169 (26.6) | 46/178 (25.8) | .90 | 33/104 (31.7) | 24/102 (23.5) | .21 |
| Maternal history of chemical abuse, n/N (%) | 23/144 (16) | 22/177 (12.4) | .42 | 18/101 (17.8) | 7/99 (7.1) | .03 |
| Family history of chemical abuse, n/N (%) | 30/157 (19.1) | 30/178 (16.9) | .67 | 27/101 (26.7) | 19/101 (18.8) | .24 |
| Age at psychiatric diagnosis, median (range), y | 10.6 (1.1–26.6) | 12.7 (2–25) | .13 | 13.6 (3–28.3) | 15.9 (4–32.3) | .01 |
For categorical variables, P values were obtained by using Fisher’s exact test; for continuous variables, P values were obtained by using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
a
Born at gestational age of <37 weeks.
b
Including cesarean section birth, nuchal chords, and forceps delivery.