Table 2.
Mean (SD) Unadjusted Learning and Memory Z-scores, Magnitude of Group Differences in Cognitive Outcomes, and the Mediating Effect of Psychological Distress on Group Differences in Cognition
| Variable | Caregivers (n = 16) | Controls (n = 16) | Group F | Effect size (ηp2) | Distress β | Distress β 95% confidence limits |
| Learning | ||||||
| CVLT Trial 1 | −0.53 (0.92) | −0.28 (0.93) | 0.96 | .03 | .42*** | .0217 to .7749 |
| CVLT Trials 1–5 | −0.04 (1.11) | 0.39 (0.88) | 4.73** | .14 | .51*** | .0712 to .9472 |
| CVLT learning slope | −0.50 (0.93) | 0.19 (0.87) | 8.67*** | .23 | .14 | −.1728 to .4666 |
| CVLT List B | −0.63 (0.87) | −0.09 (0.76) | 3.35* | .08 | .53*** | .0745 to .8044 |
| Episodic memory recall | ||||||
| CVLT short delay free | −0.19 (1.08) | 0.19 (1.03) | 6.12** | .17 | .44** | .0390 to .9080 |
| CVLT long delay free | −0.59 (1.17) | 0.22 (0.86) | 10.98*** | .28 | .50*** | .0838 to .9860 |
| CVLT intrusions | −0.06 (0.85) | −0.50 (0.73) | 7.43** | .20 | .09 | −.2048 to .3663 |
| Working memory | ||||||
| WAIS digit span | −0.02 (0.68) | 0.58 (0.84) | 4.96** | .14 | .20 | −.1053 to .5133 |
| WAIS arithmetic | 0.06 (0.69) | 0.52 (0.85) | 2.80 | .09 | .45** | .0423 to .7162 |
| WAIS LNS | 0.83 (0.54) | 0.73 (0.65) | 0.24 | .01 | .31 | −.0343 to .4719 |
Notes: CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test-2nd edition; LNS = Letter Number Sequencing; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd edition. β values represent the mediating effect of General Health Questionnaire total scores on cognitive outcomes, controlling for group differences.
*p < .10; **p < .05; ***p < .01.