Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) and numbers of cases for selected causes of death among male workers, by category of trichloroethylene exposure
| Cause of death* | Low, intermittent | Low, continuous | Peak, infrequent | Peak, frequent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All causes | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) 2499 |
1.07 (0.99–1.15) 1780 |
1.05 (0.95–1.16) 576 |
1.08 (1.01–1.17) 1649 |
| All cancer | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) 529 |
1.19 (1.00–1.40) 372 |
1.11 (0.89–1.40) 113 |
1.11 (0.94–1.33) 317 |
| Buccal cavity/pharynx |
1.07 (0.28–4.18) 7 |
1.43 (0.36–5.76) 6 |
- 0 |
1.22 (0.29–5.11) 5 |
| Digestive organs | 1.17 (0.86–1.57) 155 |
1.11 (0.80–1.53) 97 |
1.08 (0.70–1.67) 31 |
1.12 (0.80–1.55) 89 |
| Esophagus | 1.92 (0.55–6.73) 13 |
0.98 (0.22–4.41) 4 |
2.15 (0.43–10.69) 3 |
1.59 (0.40–6.41) 6 |
| Stomach | 0.70 (0.36–1.37) 22 |
0.82 (0.40–1.67) 17 |
0.15 (0.02–1.14) 1 |
0.68 (0.32–1.46) 13 |
| Colon | 1.55 (0.90–2.67) 57 |
1.56 (0.88–2.77) 38 |
1.35 (0.63–2.89) 11 |
1.57 (0.88–2.81) 35 |
| Rectum | 0.52 (0.14–1.94) 5 |
0.52 (0.12–2.33) 3 |
0.50 (0.06–4.50) 1 |
0.57 (0.13–2.56) 3 |
| Biliary passage/liver |
1.79 (0.78–4.12) 27 |
1.51 (0.61–3.73) 15 |
2.11 (0.74–6.02) 7 |
1.29 (0.51–3.28) 12 |
| Primary liver |
3.75 (0.47–30.17) 8 |
1.29 (0.12–14.20) 2 |
6.42 (0.67–61.87) 3 |
2.13 (0.22–20.43) 3 |
| Pancreas | 0.86 (0.45–1.64) 27 |
0.88 (0.44–1.77) 19 |
1.18 (0.49–2.80) 8 |
0.96 (0.48–1.93) 18 |
| Lung | 0.85 (0.62–1.19) 105 |
0.92 (0.65–1.30) 75 |
1.04 (0.66–1.65) 27 |
0.90 (0.63–1.29) 67 |
| Breast | ||||
| Cervix | ||||
| Prostate | 1.22 (0.82–1.82) 87 |
1.30 (0.85–1.99) 60 |
1.02 (0.57–1.86) 16 |
1.24 (0.81–1.92) 52 |
| Kidney | 1.58 (0.52–4.76) 15 |
1.79 (0.57–5.62) 11 |
1.04 (0.19–5.70) 2 |
1.11 (0.31–3.96) 6 |
| Bladder | 1.03 (0.44–2.41) 17 |
1.32 (0.55–3.18) 14 |
0.59 (0.12–2.78) 2 |
0.82 (0.30–2.19) 8 |
| Melanoma of skin | 0.63 (0.20–1.99) 7 |
0.56 (0.15–2.09) 4 |
0.90 (0.17–4.63) 2 |
0.76 (0.22–2.64) 5 |
| Central Nerv. System |
0.92 (0.28–2.98) 9 |
1.37 (0.42–4.46) 9 |
3.00 (0.85–10.64) 6 |
0.88 (0.24–3.26) 5 |
| Endocrine | 0.94 (0.08–10.52) 2 |
0.66 (0.04–11.11) 1 |
- 0 |
- 0 |
| Bone | - 0 unexp, 4 exp |
- 0 unexp, 3 exp |
- 0 unexp, 1 exp |
- 0 unexp, 3 exp |
| Lymphatic or haemat. |
1.08 (0.68–1.71) 61 |
1.39 (0.86–2.23) 52 |
1.39 (0.76–2.57) 17 |
1.24 (0.76–2.03) 42 |
| Hodgkin's Disease | 0.82 (0.07–9.00) 2 |
1.77 (0.18–17.01) 3 |
2.00 (0.13–31.98) 1 |
2.70 (0.30–24.15) 4 |
| Non-Hodgkin's Lymph. |
1.50 (0.67–3.34) 25 |
1.74 (0.76–3.97) 20 |
1.90 (0.69–5.24) 7 |
1.57 (0.67–3.69) 16 |
| Multiple myeloma | 1.01 (0.38–2.66) 13 |
1.21 (0.44–3.35) 10 |
1.78 (0.54–5.84) 5 |
1.31 (0.48–3.63) 10 |
| Leukemia | 0.89 (0.42–1.91) 20 |
1.11 (0.50–2.45) 16 |
0.63 (0.17–2.30) 3 |
0.69 (0.28–1.69) 9 |
| Ischemic Heart Disease |
1.03 (0.90–1.16) 777 |
1.10 (0.96–1.25) 545 |
1.12 (0.93–1.33) 182 |
1.14 (0.99–1.31) 516 |
| Diabetes | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) 67 |
0.98 (0.61–1.58) 41 |
1.23 (0.68–2.22) 17 |
1.09 (0.68–1.74) 42 |
| Cerebrovascular Dis. |
0.88 (0.67–1.14) 148 |
0.97 (0.73–1.92) 109 |
0.98 (0.67–1.44) 38 |
1.06 (0.80–1.41) 112 |
| Non-Mal. Resp. Dis. |
1.14 (0.90–1.45) 224 |
1.53 (1.20–1.96) 198 |
1.27 (0.91–1.77) 55 |
1.44 (1.12–1.85) 171 |
| Bronchitis | 3.22 (0.39–26.36) 7 |
6.34 (0.80–50.33) 9 |
2.19 (0.14–35.04) 1 |
4.95 (0.59–41.27) 6 |
| Emphysema | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) 32 |
0.94 (0.54–1.61) 32 |
0.86 (0.40–1.87) 9 |
0.94 (0.53–1.64) 28 |
| Asthma | - 0 unexp, 3 exp |
- 0 unexp, 4 exp |
- 0 unexp, 2 exp |
- 0 unexp, 4 exp |
| Cirrhosis | 0.85 (0.41–1.74) 22 |
0.95 (0.45–2.04) 17 |
1.14 (0.42–3.09) 6 |
0.96 (0.44–2.08) 15 |
| Motor Vehicle Accident |
0.64 (0.36–1.11) 30 |
0.82 (0.46–1.44) 28 |
0.60 (0.24–1.48) 6 |
1.05 (0.61–1.83) 32 |
| Suicide | 0.99 (0.58–1.70) 44 |
1.09 (0.62–1.91) 33 |
0.76 (0.32–1.80) 7 |
0.82 (0.44–1.51) 22 |
Cox regression model: time variable = age, covariate = race
Referent group for all models: male workers with no chemical exposure (n=1,836)
A “-”indicates the hazard ratio cannot be calculated due to empty cell(s)
*
Cause of death is malignant neoplasm unless otherwise specified