Table 4.

Milk production, composition, and lactose hexoses derived from hexoneogenesis and plasma glucose during fasting and refeeding

	14-h Fast	42-h Fast	Refeeding
Milk volume, ml/feed	99±7a	86±8b	88±8a,b
ml/day*	793±55a	684±68b	704±68a,b
Protein concentration, g/dl	1.7±0.2	1.9±0.1	1.7±0.3
Lactose concentration, g/dl	7.4±0.3	6.5±0.2	6.3±0.2
Milk glucose from hexoneogenesis, %	41±4a	40±8a	−16±5
Milk galactose from hexoneogenesis, %	50±3a	52±7a	−1±3b
Milk lactose from hexoneogenesis, %	45±3a	46±8a	−8±3b
Milk lactose from plasma glucose, %	55±3a	54±8a	109±3b
Milk lactose from hexoneogenesis, μmol·kg−1·min−1†	1.7±0.1a	1.4±0.1b	−0.2±0.1c
Milk lactose from plasma glucose, μmol·kg−1·min−1‡	2.1±0.1a	1.6±0.1b	3.2±0.2c

Values are means ± SE; n = 6. Paired t-test was used. Different superscripted letters within the same row indicate difference. Significance was set as P (paired) < 0.05.

*Calculated by multiplying the milk volume (ml/feed) × 8 feedings/day.

^†Based on lactose derived from hexoneogenesis (%), milk volume, and lactose concentration.

^‡Based on lactose derived from plasma glucose (%), milk volume, and lactose concentration.