CT whole nerve activity in response to lingual application of NaCl (A), sucrose (SUC, B), quinine hydrochloride (QHCl, C), and citric acid (CA, D) mixed with LA. A–D, top: representative trace of CT whole nerve integrated, rectified activity (μV) from a male rat; bottom: mean ± SE normalized CT responses to lingual application of taste stimulus and LA. *Taste stimulus + LA significantly greater than taste stimulus alone, P < 0.05.