Table III.
Three-Level Linear Regression of Teacher-Rated Externalizing Behavior on Family Structure Variables, Parenting Process Variables, and Neighborhood Structure Characteristics
| Fixed effects | Coefficient | t | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of externalizing behavior at age 11 (intercept) | ||||
| Mean level | 3.61 (0.53) | |||
| Effect of concentrated affluencea | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.33 | 350 | .742 |
| Effect of residential instabilitya | 0.30 (0.24) | 1.27 | 350 | .206 |
| Effect of being African American | 5.57 (2.11) | 2.64 | 133 | .009 |
| Effect of SESa,b | −0.09 (0.04) | −2.62 | 350 | .009 |
| Effect of living in a single parent familyc | 1.63 (1.05) | 1.54 | 350 | .123 |
| Effect of being male | 3.38 (0.77) | 4.37 | 350 | .001 |
| Effect of concentrated affluencea on effect of being male | −0.43 (0.19) | −2.34 | 350 | .020 |
| Effect of parental monitoringa,c | −3.79 (1.12) | −3.37 | 350 | .001 |
| Effect of residential instabilitya on effect of parental monitoring | −1.94 (0.68) | −2.85 | 350 | .005 |
| Growth rate in externalizing behaviors (slope) | ||||
| Mean growth rated | 0.28 (0.37) | 0.76 | 353 | .448 |
| Effect of time unsupervised and in communitya,c | 1.59 (0.75) | 2.13 | 353 | .033 |
| Effect of positive parental involvementa,e | −1.10 (0.34) | −3.19 | 353 | .002 |
| Random effects | Variance component | Standard deviation | dff | χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual (Level 1) | 44.54 | 6.67 | |||
| Intercept (Level 2) | 23.88 | 4.89 | 303 | 103.88 | >.50 |
| Slope (Level 2) | 13.91 | 3.73 | 337 | 203.67 | >.50 |
| Intercept/ethnicity (Level 3) | 91.05 | 9.54 | 32 | 139.26 | .001 |
Note. Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.
a
Grand mean-centered.
b
Measured at ages 11, 12, 13 (average).
c
Measured at age 11.
d
Centered on age 11.
e
Measured at age 12.
f
The chi-square statistics are based on only the units that had sufficient data for computation, whereas the estimates of the fixed effects and variance components are based on all the data.