Table 2.

Comparison of insulin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid effects on hepatic glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis and signaling mechanisms

	Insulin	n-3 PUFA
Genes
Glucokinase	Increase	No effect
L-Pyruvate kinase	Increase	Decrease
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	Decrease	No effect
Insig-2	Decrease	Decrease
Fatty acid synthesis
De-novo lipogenesis	Increase	Decrease
PUFA synthesis	Increase	Decrease
Transcription factors
Nuclear SREBP-1	Increase	Decrease
Nuclear ChREBP and MLX	Increase	Decrease
Cell signaling pathways
Akt phosphorylation (Activates)	Increase	Decrease
AMPK phosphorylation (Activates)	Decrease	No effect
Erk1/2 phosphorylation (Activates)	Increase	Increase
Gsk-3β phosphorylation (Inhibits)	Increase	Increase

ChREBP, carbohydrate regulatory element binding protein; MLX, Max-like factor X; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SREBP-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein.