Table I.

Association of hypospadias with maternal use of corticosteroid medications from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception, by route of administration and component corticosteroid, NBDPS, 1997-2004

Route and component	Exposed cases	Exposed controls	OR (95% CI)*	Adjusted OR (95% CI)†
Any use	39	62	1.6 (1.1-2.5)	1.3 (0.8-2.0)
Any systemic use	7	19	1.0 (0.4-2.3)	0.6 (0.2-1.5)
Prednisone	5	11	1.2 (0.4-3.4)	0.7 (0.2-2.2)
Any nasal spray/ inhaled use	26	37	1.8 (1.1-3.0)	1.5 (0.9-2.6)
Beclomethasone	1	3	-	-
Budesonide	3	4	2.0 (0.4-8.8)	1.0 (0.2-4.6)
Fluticasone	13	18	1.9 (0.9-3.9)	1.5 (0.7-3.3)
Triamcinolone	6	7	2.2 (0.8-6.7)	2.1 (0.7-6.5)
Any topical use	3	9	0.9 (0.2-3.2)	0.6 (0.2-2.4)
Other/not otherwise specified use	3	0	-	-

^*The reference group for these comparisons included 1126 hypospadias cases and 2938 male controls with no exposure from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception.

^†The reference groups for these comparisons included 1101 hypospadias cases and 2881 male controls with no exposure from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception; ORs were adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, and study site.