Table II.

Association of hypospadias with maternal use of corticosteroid medications from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception, by timing of exposure, NBDPS, 1997-2004

Exposure period	Exposed cases	Exposed controls	OR (95% CI)*	Adjusted OR (95% CI)†
Any exposure 4 weeks before conception through 14 weeks after conception	39	62	1.6 (1.1-2.5)	1.3 (0.8-2.0)
Any exposure during weeks 5-14 after conception	31	46	1.8 (1.1, 2.8)	1.4 (0.9, 2.4)
Exposure only during 4 weeks before conception or weeks 1-4 after conception	8	16	1.3 (0.6, 3.1)	0.9 (0.3, 2.1)

^*The reference group for the comparisons included 1126 hypospadias cases and 2938 male controls with no exposure from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception.

^†The reference group for these comparisons included 1101 hypospadias cases and 2881 male controls with no exposure from 4 weeks before through 14 weeks after conception; ORs were adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and age and study site.