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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Oct 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Nurs Scholarsh. 2008;40(4):364–372. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2008.00241.x

Table 1.

Model Constructs, Theoretical Concepts, Empirical Indicators, Measures

MODEL
CONSTRUCTS
MIDDLE RANGE
THEORETICAL
CONCEPTS
EMPIRICAL
INDICATORS
MEASURES # OF
ITEMS
RELIABILITY VALIDITY
ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI Focal (F), Contextual (C), and Residual (R) Stimuli Chronic Illness (F) Degree of disability, length of illness, and diagnosis 5 N/A N/A
Rurality (C) MSU Rurality Scale (Weinert & Boik, 1995) 2 N/A N/A
Demographics (C) Standard Demographic Information 19 N/A N/A
Hardiness (C) Health Related Hardiness Scale(Pollock & Duffy, 1990) 34 α = .91 Convergent
Optimism (R) Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) 12 α = .76 Convergent Discriminant
Spirituality (R) Harrison Spirituality Scale (Harrison, 2002) 33 α = .87–.93 Content
PSYCHOSOCIAL RESPONSE Psychosocial Adaptation Social Support PRQ2000 (Weinert, 2003) 15 α = .87–.92 Construct Divergent
Social Support Brief Chronic Illness Resources Survey.(Glasgow, Strycker, Toobert, & Eakin, 2000) 29 α = .79 Convergent
Self-Esteem Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) 10 α = .77–.88 Convergent Discriminant
Acceptance Acceptance of Illness Scale (Stuifbergen et al., 2000) 14 α = .83 Content
Stress Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) 18 α = .84–.86 Convergent Discriminant
Depression CES-D (Radloff, 1977) 20 α = .84–.90 Convergent Discriminant
Loneliness UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell,1996) 20 α = .94 Convergent Discriminant
ILLNESS MANAGEMENT Chronic Self-Management Illness Self-Efficacy Chronic Illness Empowerment Scale (Anderson, Fitzgerald, Funnell, & Marrero, 2000) 10 α = .96 Concurrent
Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease (Lorig, Sobel, Ritter, Laurent, & Hobbs, 2001) 6 α = .91
Forming Partnerships Communication with Physicians(Lorig et al., 1996) 3 α = .73
Forming Partnerships Perceived Efficacy in Patient-Physician Interactions Questionnaire (Maly, Frank, Marshall, DiMatteo, & Reuben, 1998) 10 α = .91 Construct
Resource Utilization Health Information Resources 11
Resource Utilization Helpfulness of Health Information Resources 11
Resource Utilization Computer Technology 5
Resource Utilization Health Care Utilization (Lorig et al., 1996) 4 r = .76 – .97
Quality of Life QOL WHOQOL-BREF (WHOQOL Group, 1998) 26 α = .64–.87 Content Discriminant
QOL Quality of Life 1
Happiness Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) 4 α = .79–.94 Convergent Discriminant