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Ubiquitin-like conjugation systems are required for autophagosome formation. In the first case, Atg7 and Atg10 are responsible for conjugating Atg12 onto the acceptor lysine of Atg5. This is a pre-requisite for the recruitment of Atg8, which is conjugated onto phosphatidylethanolamine in the phagophore membrane in a reaction dependent upon Atg7 and Atg3.
